tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27055892267331005492024-03-23T03:17:26.972-07:00Short Inspirational Story , Small business Ideas, makeup ,ssc, Puzzles , Interviews , grammar NCERT Summary , Graphics Videos , Reasoning , Puzzles ,Interview Question ,ynot App , historyYnothttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17573515841561335765noreply@blogger.comBlogger1761125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2705589226733100549.post-53666042404497450452023-04-30T03:02:00.002-07:002023-07-26T11:55:46.250-07:00asdasdf<p>dsnfvdjzh</p>Ynothttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17573515841561335765noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2705589226733100549.post-7232660979836297962022-09-05T00:37:00.005-07:002022-10-07T09:32:01.140-07:00NCERT Class 9 English MY Childhood, एनसीईआरटी कक्षा 9 अंग्रेजी हॉर्नबिल बचपन<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">My childhood</span></p><p><b id="docs-internal-guid-701b0cf0-7fff-a6bd-1c96-259bbf67faf5" style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="-webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">The Personal life of Kalam sir</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> </span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">This chapter is about the childhood of APJ Abdul Kalam. He was born into a</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> Tamil middle class family in Rameshwaram. His father jainulabdeen and mother </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">ashiamma Both were full of generosity and wisdom. His mother fed many numbers</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> of people other than family members daily.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">यह अध्याय एपीजे अब्दुल कलाम के बचपन के बारे में है। उनका जन्म रामेश्वरम में एक तमिल मध्यम वर्गीय</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> परिवार में हुआ था। उनके पिता जैनुलाबदीन और माता आशिअम्मा दोनों ही उदारता और </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">ज्ञान से परिपूर्ण थीं। उनकी मां ने रोजाना परिवार के सदस्यों के अलावा कई लोगों को खाना खिलाया।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Kalam sir were short and distinctive looking and lived in an ancestral pecca house</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> on mosque street his father provided all necessities but he didn't give inessential </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">comfort. His childhood was both materially and emotionally secure.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">कलाम सर छोटे और विशिष्ट दिखने वाले थे और मस्जिद की गली में एक पुश्तैनी पक्के घर में रहते थे, </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">उनके पिता ने सभी ज़रूरतें पूरी कीं, लेकिन उन्होंने आराम नहीं दिया। उनका बचपन भौतिक और </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">भावनात्मक दोनों रूप से सुरक्षित था।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">In 1939 during the second world war, tamarind seeds demand increased; he used to </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">collect and sell them to provision shops and earn one anna. Due to war state of </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">emergency was declared as India forced to join the war due the emergency train halt</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> had been suspended at Rameshwar station due to which newspapers were thrown </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">at the station and kalam sir's brother in law Jallaluddin employed him in catching</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> newspaper bundle, from this he earned his first wages on which he felt proud on himself.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">1939 में द्वितीय विश्व युद्ध के दौरान इमली के बीजों की मांग बढ़ गई थी और वह उन्हें इकट्ठा करके दुकानों में</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> बेच देते थे और एक आना कमाते थे। युद्ध के कारण आपातकाल की स्थिति घोषित कर दी गई क्योंकि </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">भारत को युद्ध में शामिल होने के लिए मजबूर होना पड़ा। आपातकाल के कारण, रामेश्वर स्टेशन पर ट्रेन </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">का ठहराव निलंबित कर दिया गया था, जिसके कारण स्टेशन पर अखबार फेंके गए थे और कलाम सर के</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> बहनोई जलालुद्दीन ने उन्हें अखबारों के बंडल पकड़ने में लगाया था, इससे उन्होंने अपनी पहली मजदूरी अर्जित </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">की, जिस पर उन्हें खुद पर गर्व महसूस हुआ।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> Kalam sir got self discipline, honesty from father and goodness,kindness from mother </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">so his 3 brothers and sister. </span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">कलाम सर को पिता से आत्म-अनुशासन और ईमानदारी और माँ से अच्छाई और दया मिली, उनके 3 भाई-बहन </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">भी एक ही थे</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">During the annual Shri Sita Rama Kalyanam ceremony, his family used to arrange boats</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> with a special platform for carrying idols of the Lord from the temple to the marriage site.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">वार्षिक श्री सीता राम कल्याणम समारोह के दौरान, उनका परिवार भगवान की मूर्तियों को मंदिर से विवाह स्थल तक</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> ले जाने के लिए एक विशेष मंच के साथ नावों की व्यवस्था करता था।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="-webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">School life of Kalam sir </span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Kalam sir had three close friends-Ramanadha Sastry, Aravindan and Sivaprakasan. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">All of them were from orthodox Hindu Brahmin families. </span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">कलाम सर के तीन घनिष्ठ मित्र थे-रामनाधा शास्त्री, अरविंदन और शिवप्रकाशन। ये सभी रूढ़िवादी हिंदू ब्राह्मण </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">परिवारों से थे।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">One day in school, during 5 th class he got rude treatment from a newly appointed</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> teacher because of his religion and he was sent to the last bench and his friend Ramanadha</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> Sastry was weeping for him.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">एक दिन स्कूल में 5वीं कक्षा के दौरान एक नवनियुक्त शिक्षक ने उसके धर्म के कारण उसके साथ अभद्र व्यवहार</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> किया और उसे अंतिम बेंच में भेज दिया गया और उसका मित्र रामनाधा शास्त्री उसके लिए रो रहा था।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">After school, they told this event to their respective parents. His friend's Father scolded </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">the teacher in front of them and asked the teacher to leave or apologies for behavior plus</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> he warned the teacher not to spread the poison of social inequality and communal </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">intolerance in the minds of innocent children.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">स्कूल के बाद उन्होंने यह घटना अपने-अपने माता-पिता को बताई। उनके दोस्त के पिता ने उनके सामने शिक्षक को </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">डांटा और शिक्षक को छोड़ने या व्यवहार के लिए माफी मांगने के लिए कहा, साथ ही उन्होंने शिक्षक को चेतावनी दी</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> कि वे मासूम बच्चों के मन में सामाजिक असमानता और सांप्रदायिक असहिष्णुता का जहर न फैलाएं।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">One of the science teacher of Kalam sir is from orthodox Hindu family his wife is strict </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">hindu follower, but he wanted to do best to break social barriers, so he invited him to his</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> home for dinner, his wife didn't served kalam sir, his teacher served him dinner taking </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">initiate, he wanted kalam sir to develop into big educated person. Sir invited kalam sir</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> again for dinner but he hesitated due to sir’s wife behavior, then sir told him ““Once you </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">decide to change the system, such problems have to be confronted.`` On the next visit, </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">sir's wife served me food with her own hands.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">कलाम सर के विज्ञान शिक्षक में से एक रूढ़िवादी हिंदू परिवार से हैं, उनकी पत्नी सख्त हिंदू अनुयायी हैं, लेकिन </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">वे सामाजिक बाधाओं को तोड़ने के लिए सबसे अच्छा प्रयास करना चाहते थे, इसलिए उन्होंने उन्हें अपने घर पर </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">रात के खाने के लिए आमंत्रित किया, उनकी पत्नी ने खाना नहीं परोसा। तब कलाम के सर उनके शिक्षक ने उन्हें </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">रात का खाना परोसा। वह चाहते थे कि कलाम सर बड़े शिक्षित व्यक्ति के रूप में विकसित हों। सर ने कलाम सर को </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">फिर से रात के खाने के लिए आमंत्रित किया लेकिन वह साहब की पत्नी के व्यवहार के कारण झिझक गए, तो सर ने</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> उनसे कहा ""एक बार जब आप व्यवस्था को बदलने का फैसला करते हैं, तो ऐसी समस्याओं का सामना करना पड़ता </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">है।' अगली यात्रा पर, सर की पत्नी ने मुझे भोजन परोसा उसके अपने हाथ।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="-webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Kalam sir’s further education</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> </span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">When India got independence, Gandhi Ji declared Indians will build their own India,”</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> .Kalam sir asked for permission from his father to leave Rameswaram and study at</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> the district headquarters in Ramanathapuram.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">जब भारत को आजादी मिली, तो गांधी जी ने घोषणा की कि भारतीय अपना भारत खुद बनाएंगे।" कलाम सर ने</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> अपने पिता से रामेश्वरम छोड़ने और रामनाथपुरम में जिला मुख्यालय में अध्ययन करने की अनुमति मांगी।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> </span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">His father supported his decision by saying “Abul ! I know you have to go away to grow. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Does the seagull not fly across the sun, alone and without a nest? His father made his </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">mother understand the requirements of him. He told his mother , Your children are not </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">your children. you gave them birth but they themselves need to be destined for their lives. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">उनके पिता ने यह कहकर उनके निर्णय का समर्थन किया "अबुल! मुझे पता है कि आपको बढ़ने के लिए दूर जाना होगा। क्या सीगल अकेले और बिना घोंसले के सूरज के पार नहीं उड़ती? उसके पिता ने उसकी माँ से कहा कि वह उसकी आवश्यकताओं को समझे। पिता ने अपनी माता से कहा, तेरी सन्तान तेरी सन्तान नहीं है। आपने उन्हें जन्म दिया लेकिन उन्हें स्वयं अपने जीवन के लिए नियत होने की आवश्यकता है।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Summary ends</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Question and answers</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">I. Answer these questions in one or two sentences each. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">1. Where was Abdul Kalam’s house? </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Ans 1- Abdul Kalam’s house was on the Mosque Street in Rameswaram.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">1. अब्दुल कलाम का घर कहाँ था?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">उत्तर 1- अब्दुल कलाम का घर रामेश्वरम में मस्जिद स्ट्रीट पर था।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">2. What do you think Dinamani is the name of? Give a reason for your answer. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Ans 2- Dinamani was the name of the newspaper because war news would only be</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> published in the newspaper.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">2. आपको क्या लगता है दिनमणि किसका नाम है? अपने उत्तर के लिए कोई कारण बताओ।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.37143; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">उत्तर 2- दिनमणि अखबार का नाम था क्योंकि युद्ध की खबरें अखबार में ही छपती थीं।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">3. Who were Abdul Kalam’s school friends? What did they later become? </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Ans 3- Abdul Kalam had three close friends in my childhood — Ramanadha Sastry, </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Aravindan and Sivaprakasan. All these boys were from orthodox Hindu Brahmin families.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Ramanadha Sastry became priest of the Rameswaram temple, Aravindan became</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> businessmen for arranging transport for visiting pilgrims and Sivaprakasan became a </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">catering contractor for the Southern Railways.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">3. अब्दुल कलाम के स्कूल के दोस्त कौन थे? वे बाद में क्या बन गए?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">उत्तर 3- मेरे बचपन में अब्दुल कलाम के तीन करीबी दोस्त थे- रामनाधा शास्त्री, अरविंदन और शिवप्रकाशन। </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">ये सभी लड़के रूढ़िवादी हिंदू ब्राह्मण परिवारों से थे। रामनाथ शास्त्री रामेश्वरम मंदिर के पुजारी बने, अरविंदन </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">तीर्थयात्रियों के लिए परिवहन की व्यवस्था करने के लिए व्यवसायी बन गए और शिवप्रकाशन दक्षिण रेलवे के लिए</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> खानपान ठेकेदार बन गए।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">4. How did Abdul Kalam earn his first wages?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Ans 4- Abdul kalam got a job to catch the bundles of newspapers thrown out from the </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">moving train on the Rameswaram Road between Rameswaram and Dhanuskodi. Samsudin, </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">cousin of Kalam, needed a helping hand for catching bundles and landing him this job and </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">his first wages.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">4. अब्दुल कलाम ने अपनी पहली मजदूरी कैसे अर्जित की?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.37143; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">उत्तर 4-अब्दुल कलाम को अख़बारो के बंडलो पकडे का काम मिला जो चलती ट्रेन से पेके जाते थे, रामेश्वरम रोड </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.37143; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">जो रामेश्वरम उर धनुषकोडी के बीच में। उनके भाई हेल्पर की जरूरत ये सब करने को इसलिय उन्होनें कलाम </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.37143; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">को काम पर रेखा उर उनका पहला वतन यहीं से आया</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">5. Had he earned any money before that? In what way?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Ans 5- Due to the second world war tamarind seeds demand increased in the market,</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> so kalam sir used to collect the seeds and sell them to a provision shop on Mosque Street.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> A day’s collection would fetch him the princely sum of one anna.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">5. क्या इससे पहले उसने कोई पैसा कमाया था? किस तरह से?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> उत्तर 5- द्वितीय विश्व युद्ध के कारण बाजार में इमली के बीज की मांग बढ़ गई, इसलिए कलाम साहब बीज इकट्ठा </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">करके मस्जिद स्ट्रीट पर एक दुकान में बेचते थे। एक दिन के जुटाया बीजो से वो एक दिन का एक अन्ना काम करते हैं</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">II. Answer each of these questions in a short paragraph (about 30 words) </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">1. How does the author describe: (i) his father, (ii) his mother, (iii) himself? </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Ans 1- His father- kalam sir’s father was a disciplined and honest person. He used to avoid</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> all inessential comforts and luxuries. While he provided food, medicine or clothes.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">His mother- Ashiamma his mother is full of kindness and goodness, she used to feed </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">outsiders everyday, don't know how many people she had fed.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Himself- He is a small height person and distinguished look child from smart and handsome</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> parents.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">2. इनमें से प्रत्येक प्रश्न का उत्तर एक छोटे पैराग्राफ (लगभग 30 शब्दों) में दें।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> 1. लेखक कैसे वर्णन करता है: (i) उसके पिता, (ii) उसकी माँ, (iii) स्वयं?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> उत्तर 1- उनके पिता- कलाम सर के पिता एक अनुशासित और ईमानदार व्यक्ति थे। वह सभी आवश्यक </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">सुखों और विलासिता से दूर रहता था। जबकि उन्होंने भोजन, दवा या कपड़े उपलब्ध कराए।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> उसकी माँ- आशिअम्मा उसकी माँ दयालुता और भलाई से भरी थी, वह रोज बाहरी लोगों को खाना खिलाती थी,</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> न जाने कितने लोगों को खिलाती थी।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> स्वयं- वह एक छोटे कद का व्यक्ति है और स्मार्ट और सुंदर माता-पिता से प्रतिष्ठित दिखने वाला बच्चा है।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">2. What characteristics does he say he inherited from his parents?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Ans 2- He inherited honesty and self discipline from father; goodness and deep kindness </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">from mother.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">2. वह कहता है कि उसे अपने माता-पिता से कौन-सी विशेषताएँ विरासत में मिली हैं?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> और 2- उन्हें पिता से ईमानदारी और आत्म अनुशासन विरासत में मिला; माँ से अच्छाई और गहरी दया।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">III.Discuss these questions in class with your teacher and then write down your answers</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> in two or three paragraphs each.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">1. “On the whole, the small society of Rameswaram was very rigid in terms of the segregation</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> of different social groups," says the author.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">(i) Which social groups does he mention? Were these groups easily identifiable (for example,</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> by the way they dressed)?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Ans- He was mentioning mainly about hidnu and muslim, social groups and other castes</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> and religons. Yes these groups are identified by their clothing and cultural background.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">III. कक्षा में इन प्रश्नों पर अपने शिक्षक के साथ चर्चा करें और फिर अपने उत्तर दो या तीन अनुच्छेदों में लिखें।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> 1. "कुल मिलाकर, रामेश्वरम का छोटा समाज विभिन्न सामाजिक समूहों के अलगाव के मामले में बहुत कठोर था," </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">लेखक कहते हैं।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> (i) वह किन सामाजिक समूहों का उल्लेख करता है? क्या इन समूहों को आसानी से पहचाना जा सकता था (उदाहरण</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> के लिए, उनके कपड़े पहनने के तरीके से)?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> उत्तर- वह मुख्य रूप से हिंदू और मुस्लिम, सामाजिक समूहों और अन्य जातियों और धर्मों के बारे में उल्लेख कर रहे थे।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> हाँ इन समूहों की पहचान उनके पहनावे और सांस्कृतिक पृष्ठभूमि से होती है।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">(ii) Were they aware only of their differences or did they also naturally share friendships </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">and experiences? (Think of the bedtime stories in Kalam’s house; of who his friends were; </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">and of what used to take place in the pond near his house.)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Ans- Yes people on the island are well aware of each other's caste and religions still they </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">live in harmony with each other, it's a very good example kalam's mother Narrated </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> bedtimes stories from Ramayana and prophets.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">During the annual Shri Sita Rama Kalyanam ceremony, kalam sir’s family used to arrange</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> boats with a special platform for carrying idols of the Lord from the temple to the marriage site. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">When a teacher shifted Kalam sir to back seat in class room just because he is </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">muslim and then his friend’s father who is hindu brahmin scolded that teacher to</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> not spread the poison of social inequality and communal intolerance in the minds </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">of innocent children. He bluntly asked the teacher to either apologize or quit the </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">school and the island. .</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">These were some incidents where people lived in friendship and harmony.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">(ii) क्या वे केवल अपने मतभेदों से अवगत थे या क्या वे स्वाभाविक रूप से मित्रता और अनुभव साझा करते थे?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> (कलाम के घर में सोने के समय की कहानियों के बारे में सोचें; उनके दोस्त कौन थे; और उनके घर के पास </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">के तालाब में क्या होता था।)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> उत्तर- हाँ, द्वीप पर लोग एक-दूसरे की जाति और धर्मों से अच्छी तरह वाकिफ हैं, फिर भी वे एक-दूसरे के</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> साथ सद्भाव में रहते हैं, यह एक बहुत अच्छा उदाहरण है कलाम की माँ ने रामायण और भविष्यवक्ताओं की </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">कहानियों का वर्णन किया।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> वार्षिक श्री सीता राम कल्याणम समारोह के दौरान, कलाम सर का परिवार भगवान की मूर्तियों को मंदिर से </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">विवाह स्थल तक ले जाने के लिए एक विशेष मंच के साथ नावों की व्यवस्था करता था।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> जब एक शिक्षक ने कलाम सर को सिर्फ मुस्लिम होने के कारण कक्षा में पीछे की सीट पर स्थानांतरित कर </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">दिया और फिर उसके दोस्त के पिता जो हिंदू ब्राह्मण हैं, ने उस शिक्षक को निर्दोष बच्चों के मन में सामाजिक </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">असमानता और सांप्रदायिक असहिष्णुता का जहर न फैलाने के लिए डांटा। उसने दो टूक शिक्षक से कहा </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">कि या तो माफी मांगो या स्कूल और द्वीप छोड़ दो। .</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> ये कुछ ऐसी घटनाएं थीं जहां लोग दोस्ती और सद्भाव से रहते थे।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">(iii) The author speaks both of people who were very aware of the differences among </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">them and those who tried to bridge these differences. Can you identify such</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> people in the text?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Ans- People who were well aware of differences </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">First the teacher who understood the differences by cap of kalam sir wearing and his </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">friend Ramanadha Sastry wearing thread on body. That made him sit at the last bench of class.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Second one, the wife of a science teacher was a strict hindu brahmin who did</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> not allow kalam sir in her kitchen and served her food.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Two person who tried to bridge differences</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">First Ramanadha Sastry’s father who was head priest of rameshwaram temple </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">scolded the new teacher to not spread the poison of social inequality and communal</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> intolerance in the minds of innocent children. He bluntly asked the teacher to either</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> apologize or quit the school and the island. He ultimately reformed this young teacher.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">जो लोग मतभेदों से अच्छी तरह वाकिफ थे</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">पहले शिक्षक जो कलाम सर की टोपी पहने हुए अंतर को समझते थे और उनके मित्र रामनाधा शास्त्री ने शरीर पर</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> धागा पहन रखा था। इससे वह कक्षा की आखिरी बेंच पर बैठ गया।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">दूसरा, एक विज्ञान शिक्षक की पत्नी एक सख्त हिंदू ब्राह्मण थी, जिसने कलाम सर को अपनी रसोई में नहीं जाने </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">दिया और अपना भोजन परोसा।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">दो व्यक्ति जिन्होंने मतभेदों को पाटने की कोशिश की</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.37143; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">पहले रामेश्वरम मंदिर के प्रधान पुजारी रामनाथ शास्त्री के पिता ने मासूम बच्चों के मन में सामाजिक असमानता</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.37143; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> और सांप्रदायिक असहिष्णुता का जहर न फैलाने के लिए नए शिक्षक को डांटा। उसने दो टूक शिक्षक से कहा</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.37143; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> कि या तो माफी मांगो या स्कूल और द्वीप छोड़ दो। उन्होंने अंततः इस युवा शिक्षक को सुधारा।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">(iv) Narrate two incidents that show how differences can be created, and also how they</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> can be resolved. How can people change their attitudes?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Ans- While there were many incidents of differences in harmony, there is only one incidence</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> of religious differences which was created by a new teacher appointed in school</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> where he sent Kalam sir to the back seat while his other science really like Kalam Sir</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> and invited him to his house, although he was orthodox brahmin still he respected Kala, </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">sir religion and valued his intelligences and smartness over his religion.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> People can change their attitude towards each other by respecting and valuing each</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> other's culture and sentiments without being judgmental toward each other. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(iv) दो घटनाओं का वर्णन करें जो दर्शाती हैं कि मतभेद कैसे पैदा किए जा सकते हैं, और यह भी कि उन्हें कैसे हल किया जा सकता है। लोग अपना नजरिया कैसे बदल सकते हैं?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">उत्तर- जबकि सद्भाव में मतभेद की कई घटनाएं हुईं, धार्मिक मतभेदों की केवल एक ही घटना है जो स्कूल में नियुक्त एक नए शिक्षक द्वारा बनाई गई थी जहां उन्होंने कलाम सर को पिछली सीट पर भेजा था और उनके विज्ञान शिक्षक ने उन्हें अपने घर पर आमंत्रित किया था, हालांकि वह रूढ़िवादी ब्राह्मण थे फिर भी वह कलाम सर और उनके धर्म का सम्मान करते थे। उन्होंने कलाम के सर की बुद्धि को धर्म से अधिक महत्व दिया।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.37143; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> लोग एक-दूसरे के प्रति अपने दृष्टिकोण को बदल सकते हैं और एक-दूसरे के प्रति निर्णय किए बिना एक-दूसरे की संस्कृति और भावनाओं का सम्मान और मूल्यांकन कर सकते हैं।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">.2. (i) Why did Abdul Kalam want to leave Rameswaram? </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Ans- Abdul Kalam wanted to leave Rameswaram and study at the district headquarters </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">in Ramanathapuram.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2. (i) अब्दुल कलाम रामेश्वरम को क्यों छोड़ना चाहते थे?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.37143; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">उत्तर- अब्दुल कलाम रामेश्वरम छोड़कर जिला मुख्यालय रामनाथपुरम में पढ़ना चाहते थे</span></p><p><b style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(ii) What did his father say to this?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ans- His father said he knew, he had to go from here for further life. He quoted- the seagull does fly across the sun, alone and without a nest.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(ii) उसके पिता ने इस पर क्या कहा?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.37143; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">उत्तर- उनके पिता ने कहा कि वह जानते हैं, उन्हें आगे के जीवन के लिए यहां से जाना है। उन्होंने उद्धृत किया- सीगल अकेले और बिना घोंसले के सूरज के पार उड़ती है।</span></p><p><b style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> (iii) What do you think his words mean? Why do you think he spoke those words</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ans- His word means every person needs to go outside of home after some time or at a certain age to learn and live life further. He spoke these words to Kalam’s mother to relax her and showed her wisdom.</span></p><p><b style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Thinking about Language I.</span></p><p><b style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Find the sentences in the text where these words occur:</span></p><p><b style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Look these words up in a dictionary which gives examples of how they are used. Now answer the following questions?</span></p><p><b style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Erupt- There is a warning that an issued volcano can erupt. </span></p><p><b style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Surge- Ram got a sudden surge about his mother. </span></p><p><b style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Trace- there are lots of traces of ancient civilisation in India.</span></p><p><b style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Undistinguished- India is a country of undistinguished religion practices. </span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">II. 1. Match the phrases in Column A with their meanings in Column B</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">(i) broke out</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">(c) began suddenly in a violent way</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> (ii) in accordance with </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">(f) according to a particular rule, principle, or system</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> (iii) a helping hand </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">(d) assistance</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> (iv) could not stomach</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">(b) was not able to tolerate</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> (v) generosity of spirit </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">(a) an attitude of kindness, a readiness to give freely</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">(vi) figures of authority</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">(e) persons with power to make decisions</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Look these words up in a dictionary which gives examples of how they are used.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> Now answer the following questions. </span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">1. What are the things that can erupt? Use examples to explain the various meanings of erupt.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> Now do the same for the word surge. What things can surge?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Ans1- Erupt</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">There can be sudden erupt of anger in person.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">2. What are the meanings of the word trace and which of the meanings is closest to the </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">word in the text?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Ans 2- Trace </span><span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">to </span><a href="https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/find" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="-webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">find</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> someone or something that was </span><a href="https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/lost" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">lost</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">: </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">‘Finding out’ is the closest meaning to ‘trace’ in the text.</span></span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">3. Can you find the word undistinguished in your dictionary? (If not, look up the word </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">distinguished and say what undistinguished must mean.)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Ans- undistinguished which can’t be differentiated.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">II. 1. Match the phrases in Column A with their meanings in Column B.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Ans- 1-C</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">2-F</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">3-D</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">4-B</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">5-A</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">6-E</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">2. Study the words in italics in the sentences below. They are formed by prefixing </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">un – or in – to their antonyms (words opposite in meaning)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Ans- </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">inadequate</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">— irregular</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">— undemanding</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">— untrue</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">— unpatriotic</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">— inaccessible</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">— illogical</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">— irresponsible</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">— unacceptable</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">— intolerant</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">— inactive</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">— impermanent</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">— undisputed</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">— incoherent</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">— illegal</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">— impossible</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">IV. Rewrite the sentences below, changing the verbs in brackets into the passive form</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Ans- 1. In yesterday’s competition the prizes were given by the Principal.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">2. In spite of financial difficulties, the laborers were paid on time. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">3. On Republic Day, vehicles weren’t allowed beyond this point.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">4. Second-hand books were bought and sold on the pavement every Saturday.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">5. Elections to the Lok Sabha are held every five years.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">6. Our National Anthem has been composed by Rabindranath Tagore.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">V. Rewrite the paragraphs below, using the correct form of the verb given in brackets.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Ans1- </span><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">How Helmets Came To Be Used in Cricket</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Nari Contractor was the Captain and an opening batsman for India in the 1960s. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">The Indian cricket team went on a tour to the West Indies in 1962. In a match against </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Barbados in Bridgetown Nari Contractor was seriously injured and collapsed.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> In those days helmets were not worn. Contractor was hit on the head by a bouncer</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> from Charlie Griffith. Contractor’s skull was fractured. The entire team was deeply </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">concerned. The West Indies players were worried. Contractor was rushed to hospital. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">He was accompanied by Frank Worrell, the Captain of the West Indies Team. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Blood was donated by the West Indies players. Thanks to the timely help,</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> Contractor was saved. Nowadays helmets are routinely used against fast bowlers.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Ans2- Answer:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Oil From Seeds</span></p><p></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Vegetable oils are made from seeds and fruits of many plants growing all over the </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">world from tiny sesame seeds to big, juicy coconuts. Oil is produced from cotton seeds,</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> groundnuts, soybeans and sunflower seeds. Olive oil is used for cooking, salad </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">dressing, etc. Olives are shaken from the trees and gathered up, usually by hand.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> The olives are grounded to a thick paste which is spread onto special mats. Then </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">the mats are layered up on the pressing machine which will gently squeeze them </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">to produce olive oil.</span></p><div><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><br /></span></div>Ynothttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17573515841561335765noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2705589226733100549.post-34329762073064343192022-09-05T00:35:00.004-07:002022-10-07T09:35:29.713-07:00NCERT Class 9 English Beehive Chapter 11 If I Were You, एनसीईआरटी कक्षा 9 अंग्रेजी मधुमक्खी का छत्ता अध्याय 11 अगर मैं तुम होते तो<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> If I Were You</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">यदि मैं तुम्हारी जगह होता</span></p><p><b id="docs-internal-guid-8b5a1c5d-7fff-d8d0-7d50-feab2eeaf43f" style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">This chapter is a conversational story between Gerrad, a dramatic person and</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> an intruder who is a criminal. Intruder got into the house when Gerrad was </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">packing a bag to leave the house. Intruder asked him to stop and told him</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> hands up by showing a gun but Gerrard didn't get afraid. Intruder was eager </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">to know about Gerrad.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">यह अध्याय गेराड, एक नाटकीय व्यक्ति और एक घुसपैठिए जो एक अपराधी है, के बीच एक संवादी </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">कहानी है। जब गेराड घर से निकलने के लिए बैग पैक कर रहा था तभी घुसपैठिया घर में घुस गया। </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">घुसपैठिए ने उसे रुकने के लिए कहा और बंदूक दिखाकर हाथ ऊपर करने को कहा लेकिन जेरार्ड डरे नहीं। </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">घुसपैठिया गेराड के बारे में जानने के लिए उत्सुक था।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Intruder wants to know who all people know about Gerrad, his nationality, </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">what his christain religion name is and whether he owns a car or not. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">On this Gerrad told to intruder, a baker, green grocer and milkman knew him.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">घुसपैठिए ने जेरार्ड से उसके बारे में कई सवाल पूछने शुरू कर दिए। पहला घुसपैठिया यह जानना</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> चाहता है कि गेराड के बारे में सभी लोग कौन जानते हैं, उसकी राष्ट्रीयता, उसके ईसाई धर्म का नाम क्या है </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">और उसके पास कार है या नहीं। इस पर गेराड ने घुसपैठिए से कहा, एक बेकर, हरी किराना और </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">दूधवाला उसे जानता है।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Gerrad also told him, he often remains out of town because of his work.Then intruder</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> told about himself to Gerrad that he is criminal and robbes jewellery plus he also</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> killed a policeman some days earlier and he get tired of hiding from police, </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">so he would kill gerrard and he would live by his name in society.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">गेराड ने उसे यह भी बताया, वह अक्सर अपने काम के कारण शहर से बाहर रहता है। तब घुसपैठिए ने गेराड को </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">अपने बारे में बताया कि वह अपराधी है और आभूषण लूटता है साथ ही उसने कुछ दिन पहले एक पुलिसकर्मी </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">को भी मार डाला और वह पुलिस से छिपकर थक गया, इसलिए वह करेगा जेरार्ड को मार डालो और वह समाज </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">में अपने नाम से जीवित रहेगा।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Now after knowing the plans of the intruder, Gerrad quickly made up a story to save</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> himself that he also accused of a murder so after becoming him, intruder again will</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> get arrested. It's better both will run out of city. Finally he is able to conveniences</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> intruder and asked him to go to garage to ready the car and he pushed toward gates </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">of cupboard by making him fool that, it's a door of garage, then he closed intruder in the </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">cupboard and called police to hand him over. Gerrad’s alertness and attentiveness saved</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> his life.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">अब घुसपैठिए की योजना जानने के बाद गेराड ने जल्दी से अपने आप को बचाने के लिए एक कहानी गढ़ी कि उस पर</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> भी हत्या का आरोप लगा है इसलिए उसके बनने के बाद घुसपैठिया फिर से गिरफ्तार हो जाएगा। यह बेहतर है कि </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">दोनों शहर से बाहर चले जाएंगे। अंत में वह घुसपैठिए को सुविधा देने में सक्षम है और उसे कार तैयार करने के लिए </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">गैरेज में जाने के लिए कहा और उसने उसे मूर्ख बनाकर अलमारी के फाटकों की ओर धकेल दिया कि, यह गैरेज </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">का दरवाजा है, फिर उसने अलमारी में घुसपैठिए को बंद कर दिया और पुलिस को उसे सौंपने के लिए बुलाया ऊपर।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> गेराड की सतर्कता और सावधानी ने उसकी जान बचाई।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">I. Answer these questions. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">1. “At last a sympathetic audience.” </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">(i) Who says this? </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Ans 1 Gerrad says these lines to intruders.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">1. "आखिरकार एक सहानुभूतिपूर्ण दर्शक।"</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">(i) यह कौन कहता है?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.37143; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">उत्तर 1 गेराड इन पंक्तियों को घुसपैठिए को कहते हैं।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">(ii) Why does he say it? </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Ans 2.he said it because the intruder asked about gerrard.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">(ii) वह ऐसा क्यों कहता है?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.37143; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">उत्तर 2. उसने ऐसा इसलिए कहा क्योंकि घुसपैठिए ने जेरार्ड के बारे में पूछा था।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">(iii) Is he sarcastic or serious? </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Ans 3. He is sarcastic.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">(iii) क्या वह व्यंग्यात्मक या गंभीर है?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.37143; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">उत्तर 3. वह व्यंग्यात्मक है।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">2. Why does the intruder choose Gerrard as the man whose identity he wants to take on? </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Ans 2. Intruder chose gerrard as the man whose identity he wanted to take because</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> gerrard somewhere looks like him which gives him a safe life to live without running from cops.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">2. घुसपैठिया जेरार्ड को उस व्यक्ति के रूप में क्यों चुनता है जिसकी पहचान वह लेना चाहता है?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">उत्तर 2. घुसपैठिए ने जेरार्ड को उस व्यक्ति के रूप में चुना जिसकी पहचान वह लेना चाहता था क्योंकि जेरार्ड </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">कहीं न कहीं उसके जैसा दिखता है जो उसे पुलिस से भागे बिना जीने के लिए एक सुरक्षित जीवन देता है।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">3. “I said it with bullets.” </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">(i) Who says this? </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Ans Gerrard said it.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">3. "मैंने इसे गोलियों से कहा।"</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">(i) यह कौन कहता है?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.37143; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Ans जेरार्ड ने कहा।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">(ii) What does it mean? </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Ans Gerrard made up a story that he killed someone to escape.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">(ii) इसका क्या अर्थ है?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.37143; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Ans जेरार्ड ने एक कहानी बनाई कि उसने बचने के लिए किसी को मार डाला।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">(iii) Is it the truth? What is the speaker’s reason for saying this? </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Ans. No, it is not true. Speaker’s reason to say this is to save himself from an intruder.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">(iii) क्या यह सच है? स्पीकर के ऐसा कहने का क्या कारण है?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.37143; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">उत्तर। नहीं यह सत्य नहीं है। स्पीकर के ऐसा कहने का कारण एक घुसपैठिए से खुद को बचाना है।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">4. What is Gerrard’s profession? Quote the parts of the play that support your answer. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Ans 4.Gerrard is a professional dramatist. Gerrard dialogue: : At last a sympathetic </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">audience! I’ll tell you the story of my life.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">4. जेरार्ड का पेशा क्या है? नाटक के उन हिस्सों को उद्धृत करें जो आपके उत्तर का समर्थन करते हैं।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.37143; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">उत्तर 4. जेरार्ड एक पेशेवर नाटककार हैं। जेरार्ड संवाद: : अंत में एक सहानुभूतिपूर्ण श्रोता! मैं आपको अपने जीवन</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.37143; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> की कहानी बताता हूँ।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">5. “You’ll soon stop being smart.” </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">(i) Who says this?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Ans Intruder said it.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">(ii) Why does the speaker say it? </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Ans the speaker threatened Gerrard to kill him.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">5. "आप जल्द ही स्मार्ट होना बंद कर देंगे।"</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">(i) यह कौन कहता है?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Ans इंट्रूडर ने कहा।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">(ii) वक्ता ऐसा क्यों कहता है?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.37143; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">उत्तर स्पीकर ने जेरार्ड को जान से मारने की धमकी दी</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">(iii) What according to the speaker will stop Gerrard from being smart?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Ans. According to the speaker, if he threatened Gerrard for his life and stole his identity, </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">he would stop acting smart.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">6. “They can’t hang me twice.” </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">(i) Who says this? </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Ans-Intruer said it.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">(ii) Why does the speaker say it?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Ans-The speaker said it to threaten gerrard because he already killed someone, if he </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">will also kill him then police can't hang him twice.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">(iii) वक्ता के अनुसार गेरार्ड को स्मार्ट बनने से कौन रोकेगा?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">उत्तर। स्पीकर के अनुसार, अगर उसने जेरार्ड को जान से मारने की धमकी दी और उसकी पहचान चुरा ली, तो </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">वह स्मार्ट अभिनय करना बंद कर देगा।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">6. "वे मुझे दो बार फांसी नहीं दे सकते।"</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">(i) यह कौन कहता है?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Ans- Intruer ने कहा।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">(ii) वक्ता ऐसा क्यों कहता है?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.37143; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">उत्तर-स्पीकर ने जेरार्ड को धमकी देने के लिए ऐसा कहा क्योंकि उसने पहले ही किसी को मार डाला था, अगर </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.37143; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">वह उसे भी मार डालेगा तो पुलिस उसे दो बार फांसी नहीं दे सकती।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">7. “A mystery I propose to explain.” What is the mystery the speaker proposes to explain? </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Ans “A mystery I propose to explain, gerrard told to intruder that he also murdered someone</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> thats why he is a mystry man and always on run. He also has fear of getting arrest </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">from police.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">8. “This is your big surprise.” </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">(i) Where has this been said in the play? </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Ans </span><span face="Roboto,sans-serif" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Once when the intruder is trying to scare Gerrard and the second time when Gerrard is </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Roboto,sans-serif" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">explaining to him why he won’t kill him for a good reason.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">(ii) What is the surprise?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Ans As this line came two times in play, first when the intruder expressed his feeling </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">t</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; white-space: pre;">o kill gerrard.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Second when gerrard told him, he also murdered someone thats why he </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">always on run.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">7. "एक रहस्य जिसे मैं समझाने का प्रस्ताव करता हूं।" वक्ता किस रहस्य को समझाने का प्रस्ताव करता है?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">उत्तर "एक रहस्य जिसे मैं समझाने का प्रस्ताव करता हूं, जेरार्ड ने घुसपैठिए से कहा कि उसने किसी </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">की हत्या भी की है, इसलिए वह एक रहस्यवादी व्यक्ति है और हमेशा भागता है। उसे पुलिस से गिरफ्तारी का भी डर है।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">8. "यह आपका बड़ा आश्चर्य है।"</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">(i) नाटक में यह कहाँ कहा गया है?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">उत्तर एक बार जब घुसपैठिया जेरार्ड को डराने की कोशिश कर रहा है और दूसरी बार जब जेरार्ड उसे </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">समझा रहा है कि वह उसे अच्छे कारण के लिए क्यों नहीं मारेगा।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">(ii) आश्चर्य क्या है?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">उत्तर चूंकि यह पंक्ति दो बार खेल में आई, पहली बार जब घुसपैठिए ने जेरार्ड को मारने की अपनी भावना व्यक्त की।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.37143; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">दूसरा जब जेरार्ड ने उसे बताया, उसने भी किसी की हत्या कर दी, इसलिए वह हमेशा भागता है।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">I. Consult your dictionary and choose the correct word from the pairs given in brackets.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Ans </span><span face="Roboto,sans-serif" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">1. The site of the accident was ghastly.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 8pt;"><span face="Roboto,sans-serif" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">2. Our college principal is very strict.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 8pt;"><span face="Roboto,sans-serif" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">3. I studied continuously for eight hours.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 8pt;"><span face="Roboto,sans-serif" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">4. The fog had an adverse effect on the traffic.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 8pt;"><span face="Roboto,sans-serif" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">5. Cezanne, the famous French painter, was a brilliant artist.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 8pt;"><span face="Roboto,sans-serif" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">6. The book that you gave me yesterday is an extraordinary collage of science fiction and mystery.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 8pt;"><span face="Roboto,sans-serif" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">7. Our school will host an exhibition on cruelty to animals and wildlife conservation.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 8pt;"><span face="Roboto,sans-serif" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">8. Screw the lid tightly onto the top of the bottle and shake well before using the contents.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Roboto,sans-serif" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">I. Irony is when we say one thing but mean another, usually the opposite of what we say.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Roboto,sans-serif" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> When someone makes a mistake and you say, “Oh! that was clever!”, that is irony. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Roboto,sans-serif" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">You’re saying ‘clever‘ to mean ‘not clever’.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Roboto,sans-serif" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Ans </span></p><div align="left" dir="ltr" style="margin-left: -0.75pt;"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;"><colgroup><col width="166"></col><col width="425"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr style="height: 29.25pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-right: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-width: 0.75pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 6pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">What the author says</span></p></td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-right: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-width: 0.75pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 6pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.71428; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">What he means</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height: 45.75pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-right: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-width: 0.75pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 6pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.71428; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">You have been so modest.</span></p></td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-right: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-width: 0.75pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 6pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.71428; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Gerrard says this to express how immodest</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.71428; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> the intruder has been by not talking about</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.71428; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> himself at all.</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height: 45.75pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-right: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-width: 0.75pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 6pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.71428; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">At last a sympathetic audience!</span></p></td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-right: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-width: 0.75pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 6pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.71428; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Gerrard says this sarcastically as the intruder</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.71428; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> is asking about Gerrard while holding a gun.</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height: 61.5pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-right: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-width: 0.75pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 6pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.71428; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">You won’t kill me for a very good reason.</span></p></td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-right: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-width: 0.75pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 6pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.71428; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Gerrard says this as if he has some </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.71428; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">‘very good reason’ to be spared by the intruder. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.71428; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">He says this so as to create a doubt in the </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.71428; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">i</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; white-space: pre;">ntruder about killing him.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Roboto,sans-serif" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Look up the dictionary entries for the. Use the information given in the dictionary </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Roboto,sans-serif" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">and complete the table. sympathy, familiarity, comfort,care , surprise.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Words</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> Noun </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Adjective </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Adverb </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Verb </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Meaning </span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><div align="left" dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 0pt;"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;"><colgroup><col width="87"></col><col width="101"></col><col width="124"></col><col width="96"></col><col width="182"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr style="height: 29.25pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-right: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-width: 0.75pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 6pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.71428; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Sympathy</span></p></td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-right: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-width: 0.75pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 6pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.71428; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">sympathetic</span></p></td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-right: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-width: 0.75pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 6pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.71428; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">sympathetically</span></p></td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-right: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-width: 0.75pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 6pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.71428; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">sympathize</span></p></td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-right: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-width: 0.75pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 6pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.71428; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">To feel pity for someone</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><div align="left" dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 0pt;"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;"><colgroup><col width="96"></col><col width="73"></col><col width="86"></col><col width="95"></col><col width="240"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr style="height: 29.25pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-right: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-width: 0.75pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 6pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.71428; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Familiarity</span></p></td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-right: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-width: 0.75pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 6pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.71428; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">familiar</span></p></td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-right: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-width: 0.75pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 6pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.71428; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">familiarly</span></p></td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-right: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-width: 0.75pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 6pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.71428; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">familiarize</span></p></td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-right: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-width: 0.75pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 6pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.71428; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">To know someone/ something</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span></p><div align="left" dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 0pt;"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;"><colgroup><col width="76"></col><col width="103"></col><col width="102"></col><col width="72"></col><col width="237"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr style="height: 29.25pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-right: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-width: 0.75pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 6pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.71428; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Comfort</span></p></td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-right: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-width: 0.75pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 6pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.71428; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">comfortable</span></p></td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-right: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-width: 0.75pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 6pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.71428; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">comfortably</span></p></td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-right: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-width: 0.75pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 6pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.71428; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">comfort</span></p></td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-right: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-width: 0.75pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 6pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.71428; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">To make someone feel relaxed</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><div align="left" dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 0pt;"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;"><colgroup><col width="80"></col><col width="94"></col><col width="117"></col><col width="75"></col><col width="224"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr style="height: 29.25pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-right: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-width: 0.75pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 6pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.71428; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Care</span></p></td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-right: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-width: 0.75pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 6pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.71428; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">caring</span></p></td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-right: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-width: 0.75pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 6pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.71428; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">carefully</span></p></td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-right: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-width: 0.75pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 6pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.71428; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">care</span></p></td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-right: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-width: 0.75pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 6pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.71428; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">To be concerned a</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> </span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><div align="left" dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 0pt;"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;"><colgroup><col width="93"></col><col width="104"></col><col width="117"></col><col width="89"></col><col width="187"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr style="height: 29.25pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-right: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-width: 0.75pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 6pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.71428; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Surprise</span></p></td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-right: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-width: 0.75pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 6pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.71428; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">surprising</span></p></td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-right: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-width: 0.75pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 6pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.71428; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">surprisingly</span></p></td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-right: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-width: 0.75pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 6pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.71428; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">surprise</span></p></td><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-right: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #dddddd 0.75pt; border-width: 0.75pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 6pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.71428; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">To amaze someone</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Roboto,sans-serif" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> </span></p><p><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></p>Ynothttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17573515841561335765noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2705589226733100549.post-5200374251846179842022-09-05T00:31:00.003-07:002022-09-13T05:22:18.681-07:00NCERT Class 9 English Beehive Chapter 1 The Fun They Had, एनसीईआरटी कक्षा 9 अंग्रेजी मधुमक्खी का छत्ता अध्याय 1 वे मज़ा जो उन्होंने किया था<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.999999999999998pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">The fun they had</span></p><p><b id="docs-internal-guid-ce54aac0-7fff-6312-f19a-5733c7211b1d" style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">This story is about two kids from the far future who found a paper book in their house. Today's date is 12 may 2157 and Margie wrote about this day in her diary.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Tommy found that book in attic and Margie was asking what book is all about, then Tommy told her this book is about earlier schools, when teachers were actually man and students need To go to school to study and they have books to study unlike today they have virtual teacher which they call mechanical teacher and have millions of telebooks which words move after reading.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">यह कहानी दूर भविष्य के दो बच्चों की है जिन्हें अपने घर में एक कागज़ की किताब मिली। आज की तारीख 12 मई 2157 है और मार्गी ने इस दिन के बारे में अपनी डेयरी में लिखा था।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">टॉमी को अटारी में वह किताब मिली और मार्गी वह पूछ रही थी कि कौन सी किताब है, तब टॉमी ने उसे बताया कि यह किताब पहले के स्कूलों के बारे में है, जब शिक्षक वास्तव में आदमी थे और छात्रों को पढ़ने के लिए स्कूल जाने की जरूरत थी और उनके पास पढ़ने के लिए किताबें थीं, आज हमारे पास आभासी शिक्षक है जिसे वे यांत्रिक शिक्षक कहते हैं और लाखों टेलीबुक हैं जिन्हें पढ़ने के बाद शब्द हिलते हैं।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Margie was little surprised to know about book, because it was on school and she hates her school due to her mechanical teacher gave her test of geography every day in which she performed worse plus also hated the slot where she need to submit homeworks and tests every day in a special language i.e punch code which she learnt at the age of 6. Her mother got disappointed from this and sent her to the county inspector.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">मार्गी को किताब के बारे में जानकर थोड़ा आश्चर्य हुआ, क्योंकि यह स्कूल के लिए था और वह अपने स्कूल से नफरत करती थी क्योंकि उसके यांत्रिक शिक्षक ने उसे हर दिन भूगोल की परीक्षा दी जिसमें उसने बदतर प्रदर्शन किया और साथ ही उस स्लॉट से भी नफरत की जहां उसे होमवर्क जमा करने की आवश्यकता थी और हर दिन उसे एक विशेष भाषा यानी पंच कोड में परीक्षा देनी थी जो उसने 6 साल की उम्र में सीखी थी। इससे उसकी मां निराश हो गई और उसे काउंटी इंस्पेक्टर के पास भेज दिया।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">County inspector was happy by her performance and told her mother, her performance was low because the geography was above the level according to her. But Margie was unhappy, she was expecting her teacher (virtual box or television or mechanical teacher) would be taken away like Tommy.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">काउंटी निरीक्षक उसके प्रदर्शन से खुश था और उसने अपनी माँ से कहा, उसका प्रदर्शन कम था क्योंकि भूगोल की परीक्षा उसके स्तर से ऊपर थी। लेकिन मार्गी नाखुश थी, वह उम्मीद कर रही थी कि उसके शिक्षक (वर्चुअल बॉक्स या टेलीविजन या मैकेनिकल शिक्षक) को टॉमी के शिक्षक की तरह हटा दिया जाएगा।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Again Margie and Tommy started reading and talking about the book. He told her, in the past school was a special building, where all students go for studies and all students of the same age study together in the same class from a teacher. </span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">फिर से मार्गी और टॉमी ने किताब के बारे में पढ़ना और बात करना शुरू किया। उसने उससे कहा, पहले स्कूल एक विशेष भवन था, जहां सभी छात्र पढ़ाई के लिए जाते थे और एक ही उम्र के सभी छात्र एक शिक्षक से एक ही कक्षा में एक साथ पढ़ते थे।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">While Margie said now teachers are assigned according to every single student, which fits with their mind. Now Margie was more interested to read that book to know these age old funny schools.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">जबकि मार्गी ने कहा कि अब शिक्षकों को हर एक छात्र के अनुसार सौंपा जाता है, जो उनके दिमाग में फिट बैठता है। अब मार्गी की दिलचस्पी उस किताब को पढ़ने में अधिक थी, ताकि वह इन सदियों पुराने अजीबोगरीब स्कूलों को जान सके</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Now this time Margie had her class , so Her mother asked her to attend class, but she wanted to know more about old schools and didn't want to attend her class but her mother told her to attend. She had her classroom in her home, the black was her mechanical teacher teaching her fraction, while she was thinking about old schools, where all students meet, study, play, and go back to their home every day and have fun. </span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">अब, मार्गी की कक्षा थी, इसलिए उसकी माँ ने उसे कक्षा में उपस्थित होने के लिए कहा, लेकिन वह पुराने स्कूलों के बारे में अधिक जानना चाहती थी और अपनी कक्षा में शामिल नहीं होना चाहती थी लेकिन उसकी माँ ने उसे उपस्थित होने के लिए कहा। उसके घर में उसकी कक्षा थी, काली उसकी यांत्रिक शिक्षिका थी जो उसे अंश पढ़ा रही थी, जबकि वह पुराने स्कूलों के बारे में सोच रही थी, जहाँ सभी छात्र मिलते हैं, पढ़ते हैं, खेलते हैं, और हर दिन अपने घर वापस जाते हैं और मज़े करते हैं।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">I. Answer these questions in a few words or a couple of sentences each. </span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Q- How old are Margie and Tommy?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">A-Maregie was 11 years old and Tommy was 13 years old.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Q-What did Margie write in her diary?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">A-Margie wrote about the real paper book she and Tommy found in their attic, this book was of her grandfather. She wrote about these incidents at night on 17 May 2157.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">I. इन प्रश्नों के उत्तर कुछ शब्दों में या प्रत्येक के दो वाक्यों में दें।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Q- मार्गी और टॉमी कितने साल के हैं?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">ए-मरेगी 11 साल के थे और टॉमी 13 साल के थे।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">प्रश्न- मार्गी ने अपनी डायरी में क्या लिखा?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3714285714285712; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">ए-मार्गी ने उनके और टॉमी को उनके अटारी में मिली असली कागज़ की किताब के बारे में लिखा था, यह किताब उनके दादा की थी। उसने इन घटनाओं के बारे में 17 मई 2157 की रात को लिखा था।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Q-Had Margie ever seen a book before?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">A- No, Margie had never seen any real paper books, because her books and schools were on the computer</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Q-What things about the book did she find strange?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">A- She found the pages were yellow and crinkly, and words stood still instead of moving the way they were supposed to — on a screen plus words were the same at the time of starting they read, they were not changing.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Q-क्या मार्गी ने पहले कभी कोई किताब देखी थी?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">उ- नहीं, मार्गी ने कभी कोई असली कागज़ की किताब नहीं देखी थी, क्योंकि उसकी किताबें और स्कूल कंप्यूटर पर थे</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">प्रश्न- किताब में उसे कौन सी बातें अजीब लगीं?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3714285714285712; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">उ- उसने पाया कि पन्ने पीले और झुर्रीदार थे, और शब्द उस तरह से चलने के बजाय स्थिर थे जिस तरह से उन्हें चलना चाहिए था - एक स्क्रीन पर प्लस शब्द पढ़ना शुरू करने के समय समान थे, वे बदल नहीं रहे थे।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Q- What do you think a telebook is?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">A- telebook is like a computer or electronic pad which contains thousands of books in them. </span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Q-Where was Margie’s school? Did she have any classmates?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">A- Margie school was in her home only in her bedroom, where she had a system with a mechanical teacher who personally teaches her. No, she didn’t have any class mates.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Q- What subjects did Margie and Tommy learn?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">A- Margie studied the subject of geography and mathematics and Tommy learnt mathematics.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">प्रश्न- आपके अनुसार टेलीबुक क्या है?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">A- टेलीबुक एक कंप्यूटर या इलेक्ट्रॉनिक पैड की तरह होता है जिसमें हजारों किताबें होती हैं।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">प्रश्न- मार्गी का स्कूल कहाँ था? क्या उसका कोई सहपाठी था?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">उ0- मार्गी स्कूल उसके घर में उसके शयन कक्ष में ही था, जहाँ उसके पास एक यांत्रिक शिक्षक के साथ एक प्रणाली थी जो उसे व्यक्तिगत रूप से पढ़ाती थी। नहीं, उसका कोई सहपाठी नहीं था।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">प्रश्न- मार्गी और टॉमी ने कौन से विषय सीखे?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3714285714285712; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">उ0- मार्गी ने भूगोल और गणित विषय पढ़ा और टॉमी ने गणित सीखा।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">II. Answer the following with reference to the story. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">1. “I wouldn’t throw it away.”</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">A- Tommy was telling about the real book. He compared real books with the telebooks they have. </span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">2. “Sure they had a teacher, but it wasn’t a regular teacher. It was a man.”</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">A- Tommy refers to old school and students,regular means like their mechanical teacher who was an electronic box. He compared a mechanical teacher with a human teacher. </span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">द्वितीय. कहानी के संदर्भ में निम्नलिखित के उत्तर दीजिए।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">1. "मैं इसे फेंक नहीं दूंगा।"</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">उ0- टॉमी असली किताब के बारे में बता रहा था। उन्होंने वास्तविक पुस्तकों की तुलना उनके पास मौजूद टेलीबुक से की।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">2. "निश्चित रूप से उनके पास एक शिक्षक था, लेकिन यह एक नियमित शिक्षक नहीं था। यह एक आदमी था। ”</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3714285714285712; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">उ0- टॉमी पुराने स्कूल और छात्रों को संदर्भित करता है, नियमित रूप से उनके यांत्रिक शिक्षक की तरह जो एक इलेक्ट्रॉनिक बॉक्स था। उन्होंने यांत्रिक शिक्षक की तुलना मानव शिक्षक से की।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Answer each of these questions in a short paragraph (about 30 words). </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">1. What kind of teachers did Margie and Tommy have? </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">A- Margie and Tommy had a mechanical teacher who had a big screen on which all the lessons were shown and the questions were asked and there was a slot in the machine where they had to put homework and test papers.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">2. Why did Margie’s mother send it to the County Inspector? </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">A- Margie’s mother sent it to the County Inspector because the mechanical teacher had been giving her test after most of the test in geography and she had been doing worse and worse.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">इनमें से प्रत्येक प्रश्न का उत्तर एक छोटे पैराग्राफ (लगभग 30 शब्दों) में दें।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">1. मार्गी और टॉमी के पास किस तरह के शिक्षक थे?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">उ0- मार्गी और टॉमी के पास एक यांत्रिक शिक्षक था जिसके पास एक बड़ी स्क्रीन थी जिस पर सभी पाठ दिखाए जाते थे और प्रश्न पूछे जाते थे और मशीन में एक स्लॉट होता था जहाँ उन्हें गृहकार्य और परीक्षण के प्रश्नपत्र डालने होते थे।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">2. मार्गी की मां ने इसे काउंटी इंस्पेक्टर के पास क्यों भेजा?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3714285714285712; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">उ0- मार्गी की माँ ने उसे काउंटी निरीक्षक के पास भेजा क्योंकि यांत्रिक शिक्षिका भूगोल में अधिकांश परीक्षाओं के बाद उसकी परीक्षा दे रही थी और वह बदतर से बदतर होती जा रही थी।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">3. What did he do?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">A-He smiled at Margie and gave her an apple, then took the teacher apart and repaired it, after which he said It was not Margie’s fault to her mother and mistakenly the geography sector was geared up a little too quick but now slowed it up to an average ten-year level.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">4. Why was Margie doing badly in geography? What did the County Inspector do to help her? </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">A- Margie was doing badly in geography because the mechanical teacher got a fault and geared up a little too quickly then her level. The County Inspector took the teacher apart, repaired it and slowed it up to an average ten-year level.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">3. उसने क्या किया?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">उ0—वह मार्गी को देखकर मुस्कुराया और उसे एक सेब दिया, फिर शिक्षक को अलग करके उसकी मरम्मत की, जिसके बाद उसने कहा कि यह उसकी माँ की गलती नहीं थी और गलती से भूगोल क्षेत्र को थोड़ा बहुत जल्दी तैयार किया गया था लेकिन अब इसे धीमा कर दिया। औसत दस साल के स्तर तक।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">4. भूगोल में मार्गी का प्रदर्शन खराब क्यों था? काउंटी निरीक्षक ने उसकी मदद के लिए क्या किया?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3714285714285712; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">उ0- मार्गी भूगोल में खराब प्रदर्शन कर रही थी क्योंकि यांत्रिक शिक्षिका में गलती हो गई थी और वह अपने स्तर से कुछ ज्यादा ही जल्दी तैयार हो गई थी। काउंटी इंस्पेक्टर ने शिक्षक को अलग कर दिया, उसकी मरम्मत की और उसे औसतन दस साल के स्तर तक धीमा कर दिया।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">5. What had once happened to Tommy’s teacher?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">A-Tommy’s teacher was away for nearly a month because the history sector had blanked out completely.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">6. Did Margie have regular days and hours for school? If so, why?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">A- Yes, Margie has regular classes at particular times everyday except on saturday and sunday. It was so, because its proper mechanical school which has time and table and regular studies are very important for growth and advancement as per margie’s mother.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">5. एक बार टॉमी के शिक्षक के साथ क्या हुआ था?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">ए-टॉमी के शिक्षक लगभग एक महीने के लिए दूर थे क्योंकि इतिहास क्षेत्र पूरी तरह से खाली हो गया था।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">6. क्या मार्गी के पास स्कूल के लिए नियमित दिन और घंटे थे? यदि हां, तो क्यों ?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3714285714285712; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">उ- हाँ, मार्गी की शनिवार और रविवार को छोड़कर प्रतिदिन विशेष समय पर नियमित कक्षाएं होती हैं। ऐसा इसलिए था, क्योंकि इसका उचित मैकेनिकल स्कूल जिसमें समय और सारणी है और नियमित अध्ययन मार्गी की मां के अनुसार विकास और उन्नति के लिए बहुत महत्वपूर्ण हैं।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">7. How does Tommy describe the old kind of school? 8. How does he describe the old kind of teachers?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">A- Tommy described the old kind of school as having a special building and all the kids went there and he said they had a man as a teacher who gave them homework and asked them questions.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">7. टॉमी पुराने प्रकार के स्कूल का वर्णन कैसे करता है? 8. वह पुराने प्रकार के शिक्षकों का वर्णन कैसे करता है?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3714285714285712; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">ए- टॉमी ने पुराने प्रकार के स्कूल को एक विशेष भवन के रूप में वर्णित किया और सभी बच्चे वहां गए और उन्होंने कहा कि उनके पास एक शिक्षक के रूप में एक आदमी है जो उन्हें होमवर्क देता है और उनसे प्रश्न पूछता है</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">IV. Answer each of these questions in two or three paragraphs (100 –150 words).</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">1. What are the main features of the mechanical teachers and the schoolrooms that Margie and Tommy have in the story?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">A- the mechanical teachers with a big screen on which all the lessons were shown and the questions were asked and there was a slot in the machine where they had to put homework and test papers.where she had to put homework and test papers. Margie and Tommy always had to write them out in a punch code which they made them learn when she was six years old, and the mechanical teacher calculated the marks in no time. Their school rooms were in their home only in which this mechanical teacher was fitted, there were no separate schools where they needed to go. </span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">4. इनमें से प्रत्येक प्रश्न का उत्तर दो या तीन अनुच्छेदों (100 -150 शब्दों) में दें।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">1. कहानी में मार्गी और टॉमी के यांत्रिक शिक्षकों और स्कूल के कमरों की मुख्य विशेषताएं क्या हैं?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3714285714285712; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">उ0- यांत्रिक शिक्षक जिनके पास एक बड़ी स्क्रीन थी जिस पर सभी पाठ दिखाए गए थे और प्रश्न पूछे गए थे और मशीन में एक स्लॉट था जहाँ उन्हें गृहकार्य और परीक्षण के प्रश्नपत्र डालने थे। जहाँ उन्हें गृहकार्य और परीक्षण के प्रश्नपत्र डालने थे। मार्गी और टॉमी को हमेशा उन्हें एक पंच कोड में लिखना पड़ता था, जिसे उन्होंने छह साल की उम्र में सीखा था, और यांत्रिक शिक्षक ने कुछ ही समय में अंकों की गणना की। उनके स्कूल के कमरे उनके घर में ही थे जिनमें ये मैकेनिकल टीचर लगे हुए थे, वहां कोई अलग स्कूल नहीं था जहां उन्हें जाने की जरूरत थी।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> 2. Why did Margie hate school? Why did she think the old kind of school must have been fun?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">A- Margie always hated school because of The mechanical teacher had been giving her test after test in geography and she had been doing worse and worse. The mechanical teacher was large and black and ugly, with a big screen on which all the lessons were shown and the questions were asked. That wasn’t so bad. The part Margie hated most was the slot where she had to put homework and test papers. She always had to write them out in a punch code they made her learn when she was six years old, and the mechanical teacher calculated the marks in no time.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> She thought the old kind of school must have been fun because All the kids from the whole neighbourhood came, laughing and shouting in the schoolyard, sitting together in the schoolroom, going home together at the end of the day. They learned the same things, so they could help one another with the homework and talk about it.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">2. मार्गी को स्कूल से नफरत क्यों थी? उसने क्यों सोचा कि पुराने प्रकार का स्कूल मज़ेदार रहा होगा?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">उ0- मार्गी हमेशा स्कूल से नफरत करती थी क्योंकि यांत्रिक शिक्षिका उसे भूगोल में परीक्षा के बाद परीक्षा दे रही थी और वह बदतर से बदतर होती जा रही थी। यांत्रिक शिक्षक बड़ा और काला और बदसूरत था, एक बड़ी स्क्रीन के साथ जिस पर सभी पाठ दिखाए जाते थे और प्रश्न पूछे जाते थे। यह इतना बुरा नहीं था। जिस हिस्से से मार्गी को सबसे ज्यादा नफरत थी, वह वह जगह थी जहां उसे होमवर्क और टेस्ट पेपर डालने होते थे। उसे हमेशा एक पंच कोड में लिखना पड़ता था, जब वह छह साल की थी, और यांत्रिक शिक्षक ने कुछ ही समय में अंकों की गणना की।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3714285714285712; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> उसने सोचा कि पुराने प्रकार का स्कूल मज़ेदार रहा होगा क्योंकि पूरे मोहल्ले के सभी बच्चे स्कूल के प्रांगण में हँसते-चिल्लाते, स्कूल के कमरे में एक साथ बैठे, दिन के अंत में एक साथ घर जाते थे। उन्होंने वही बातें सीखीं, ताकि वे गृहकार्य में एक-दूसरे की मदद कर सकें और इसके बारे में बात कर सकें।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">3. Do you agree with Margie that schools today are more fun than the school in the story? Give reasons for your answer.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">A- Yes, I agree with Margie that schools today are more fun than the school in the story because All the kids from the whole neighbourhood came, laughing and shouting, playing, having lunch together in the schoolyard, sitting together in the schoolroom, going home together at the end of the day. They learned the same things, so they could help one another with the homework and talk about it.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">3. क्या आप मार्गी से सहमत हैं कि आज के स्कूल कहानी में स्कूल से ज्यादा मजेदार हैं? अपने जवाब के लिए कारण दें।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3714285714285712; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">उ- हाँ, मैं मार्गी से सहमत हूँ कि आज के स्कूल कहानी में स्कूल से ज्यादा मज़ेदार हैं क्योंकि पूरे मोहल्ले के सभी बच्चे आए, हँसते-चिल्लाते, खेलते, स्कूल के प्रांगण में एक साथ दोपहर का भोजन करते, स्कूल के कमरे में एक साथ बैठते, जाते दिन के अंत में एक साथ घर। उन्होंने वही बातें सीखीं, ताकि वे गृहकार्य में एक-दूसरे की मदद कर सकें और इसके बारे में बात कर सकें।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">I. Adverbs </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Read this sentence taken from the story: They had once taken Tommy’s teacher away for nearly a month because the history sector had blanked out completely. The word complete is an adjective. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">When you add –ly to it, it becomes an adverb. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">1. Find the sentences in the lesson which have the adverbs given in the box below</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Awfully- They turned the pages, which were yellow and crinkly, and it was awfully funny to read words</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Sorrowfully- The mechanical teacher had been giving her test after test in geography and she had been doing worse and worse until her mother had shaken her head sorrowfully and sent it to the County Inspector.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Completely- They had once taken Tommy’s teacher away for nearly a month because the history sector had blanked out completely.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Loftily- This is the old kind of school that they had hundreds and hundreds of years ago.” He added loftily, pronouncing the word carefully, “Centuries ago.” </span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Carefully- This is the old kind of school that they had hundreds and hundreds of years ago.” He added loftily, pronouncing the word carefully, “Centuries ago.”</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Differently- . “But my mother says a teacher has to be adjusted to fit the mind of each boy and girl it teaches and that each kid has to be taught differently.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Quickly- If you don’t like it, you don’t have to read the book.” “I didn’t say I didn’t like it,” Margie said quickly.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Nonchalantly- Margie said to Tommy, “Can I read the book some more with you after school?” 9. “Maybe,” he said nonchalantly.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">2. Now use these adverbs to fill in the blanks in the sentences below.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> (i) The report must be read </span><span style="-webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> Carefully </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">so that performance can be improved.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> (ii) At the interview, Sameer answered our questions </span><span style="-webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">loftily</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> , shrugging his shoulders. </span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">(iii) We all behave </span><span style="-webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">differently</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> when we are tired or hungry.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> (iv) The teacher shook her head</span><span style="-webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> sorrowfully</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> when Ravi lied to her. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">(v) I </span><span style="-webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">completely</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> forgot about it. </span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">(vi) When I complimented Revathi on her success, she just smiled </span><span style="-webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">nonchalantly</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> and turned away. </span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">(vii) The President of the Company is</span><span style="-webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> awfully</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> busy and will not be able to meet you. </span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">(viii) I finished my work</span><span style="-webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> quickly </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">so that I could go out to play.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Q-Make adverbs from these adjectives.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 8pt 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">A-</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">(i) angry – angrily (ii) happy – happily</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 8pt 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">(iii) merry – merrily (iv) sleepy – sleepily</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 8pt 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">(v) easy – easily (vi) noisy – noisily</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 8pt 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">(vii) tidy – tidily (viii) gloomy – gloomily</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 8pt 0pt;"> </p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 8pt 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Complete the following conditional sentences. Use the correct form of the verb. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 8pt 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">1. If I don’t go to Anu’s party tonight, She will be sad.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 8pt 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> 2. If you don’t telephone the hotel to order food, we will not get food anywhere.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 8pt 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">3. Unless you promise to write back, I will not meet you.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 8pt 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">4. If she doesn’t play any games,she will lose her pace.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 8pt 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">5. Unless that little bird flies away quickly, the cat might catch it to eat. </span></p><p><br /><br /><br /><br /></p>Ynothttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17573515841561335765noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2705589226733100549.post-374889070390507382022-09-05T00:28:00.006-07:002022-09-13T05:44:59.350-07:00N.C.E.R.T The Lost Child Summary Class 9 English, N.C.E.R.T द लॉस्ट चाइल्ड समरी कक्षा 9 अंग्रेजी,<p> <span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 17pt; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;"> The lost boy</span></p><span id="docs-internal-guid-64fc08a3-7fff-b09d-7eab-9f80615823c3"><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">This Story is about a boy who is going to a spring festival during light winters. He is going through various streets and lanes with his parents in playing mode by observing and seeing various things. At some distance the boy stares at a toy shop and wants a toy while he knows his father didn't buy a toy for him but her mother’s heart melted for him and she diverted his attention politely. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">यह कहानी एक ऐसे लड़के के बारे में है जो हल्की सर्दियों के दौरान वसंत उत्सव में जा रहा है और अपने माता-पिता के साथ चीजों को देखकर और देखकर खेल मोड में विभिन्न सड़कों और कच्छों के माध्यम से जा रहा है। कुछ दूरी पर लड़का एक खिलौने की दुकान की ओर देखता है और एक खिलौना चाहता है जबकि वह जानता है कि उसके पिता उसके लिए एक खिलौना नहीं खरीदेंगे लेकिन उसकी माँ का दिल उसके लिए पिघल गया और उसने विनम्रता से उसका ध्यान हटा दिया।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">During the course of path to fair, he came across various different views like seen a group of dragonflies, mustard-fields, black bee or butterfly in search of sweetness from the flowers,little insects and worms along the footpath, he heard the cooing of doves, wild capers round the banyan tree,footpaths full of throngs, converging to the whirlpool of the fair, a sweet hawker and flower hawker. He was walking with his parents, still walking alone in his own world.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.8; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">मेले के रास्ते में उन्हें कई तरह के नज़ारे दिखाई दिए जैसे कि फूलों से मिठास की तलाश में ड्रैगनफली, सरसों के खेत, काली मधुमक्खी या तितली का एक समूह, फुटपाथ के किनारे छोटे कीड़े और कीड़े-मकोड़े की आवाज सुनाई दी। कबूतर, बरगद के पेड़ के चारों ओर जंगली केपर्स, भीड़ से भरे फुटपाथ, मेले के भँवर में परिवर्तित, एक मीठा फेरीवाला और फूलों का फेरीवाला। वह अपने माता-पिता के साथ चल रहा था, फिर भी अपनी दुनिया में अकेला चल रहा था।</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">After reaching the fair, the boy gets fascinated by various things like first he sees a sweet seller, where he really wants to eat his favorite burfi but he knows his parents would not buy it, plus they would say he is greedy. After this he saw a flower hawker who was selling a garland of gulmohar and again he really wanted to buy it, but again he moved forward because he knew his parents would refuse to buy it by saying” it is cheap”. Next he saw a balloon seller and wanted those beautiful colored balloons to play yet again but he knew his parents would not buy balloons for him, saying he is too old to play with them. Lastly he saw a snake charmer who was playing flute and made the snake dance on it. He liked the music but he didn't stop to watch it because his parents forbade him to listen to such music.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">मेले में पहुंचने के बाद, लड़का विभिन्न चीजों पर मोहित हो जाता है जैसे कि वह पहले एक मिठाई विक्रेता को देखता है, जहां वह वास्तव में अपनी पसंदीदा बर्फी खाना चाहता है, लेकिन वह जानता है कि उसके माता-पिता इसे नहीं खरीदेंगे और साथ ही वह उसे लालची भी कहेगा। इसके बाद उसे एक फूलवाला दिखाई देता है जो गुलमोहर की एक माला बेच रहा था और फिर से वह वास्तव में इसे चाहता था लेकिन फिर से वह आगे बढ़ गया क्योंकि उसे पता था कि उसके माता-पिता यह कहकर इसे खरीदने से मना कर देंगे कि "यह सस्ता है"। आगे उसने एक गुब्बारा विक्रेता को देखा और चाहता था कि वे सुंदर रंग के गुब्बारे बजाएं लेकिन वह जानता था कि उसके माता-पिता उसे यह कहकर नहीं खरीदेंगे कि वह उनके साथ खेलने के लिए बड़ा है। अंत में उसने एक सपेरे को देखा जो बांसुरी बजा रहा था और उस पर सर्प नृत्य कर रहा था। उन्हें संगीत पसंद था लेकिन वह इसे देखने के लिए नहीं रुके क्योंकि उनके माता-पिता ने उन्हें ऐसा संगीत सुनने से मना किया था।</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">After this he saw a roundabout, where people on this ride are laughing and enjoying it, After watching them, he decide to ask his parents to take this ride, but his parents were not their and suddenly full, deep cry rose within his dry throat and with a sudden jerk of his body he ran from where he stood. He cried in real fear and started running here and there shouting mother-father. First he ran on one side then he ran on the other side but he was not able to find his parents. His turban gets untied and clothes dirty.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">इसके बाद उन्होंने एक गोल चक्कर झूला देखा, जहां सवारी पर लोग हंसते और सवारी का आनंद लेते थे, यह देखने के बाद उन्होंने अपने माता-पिता से यह सवारी करने के लिए कहने का फैसला किया, लेकिन उनके माता-पिता वहां नहीं थे और अचानक लड़का, उनके सूखे गले के भीतर गहरा रोना और अपने शरीर के अचानक झटके के साथ वह जहां खड़ा था वहां से भाग गया। वह डर के मारे रो पड़ा और मां-बाप कहकर इधर-उधर भागने लगा। पहले वह एक तरफ दौड़ा फिर दूसरी तरफ दौड़ा लेकिन उसे अपने माता-पिता नहीं मिले। उसकी पगड़ी खुल जाती है और कपड़े गंदे हो जाते हैं</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Then he ran toward the temple in the thought of finding his parents there, but the shrine was very crowded. He was searching for his parents, shouting mother-father between legs of the crowd without fear of being crushed under the feet of the crowd. Then a man heard his cry in the crowd and lifted him in his arms and asked him how he got there and where his parents were and tried to ease him by taking him to a roundabout and asking him to ride but he refused and only cried for his parents. This man took him to every place which he wanted to enjoy and buy. Then he took him to a snake charmer to see the snake dance again he refused. After this he took him to the balloon hawker. Still he was shouting for his parents, then he took him to a flower hawker to buy garland but he refused. Then he took the boy to a sweet seller and he straight away refused to have any sweets and asked for his parents again and again.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">फिर वह अपने माता-पिता को वहाँ खोजने की सोच में मंदिर की ओर भागा, लेकिन मंदिर में बहुत भीड़ थी। वह अपने माता-पिता की तलाश कर रहा था, नीचे कुचले जाने के डर के बिना भीड़ के पैरों के बीच माँ-पिता को चिल्ला रहा था, तभी एक आदमी ने भीड़ में उसकी पुकार सुनी और उसे अपनी बाहों में उठा लिया और उससे पूछा कि वह वहाँ कैसे पहुँचा और उसके माता-पिता कहाँ थे और उसे एक झूला झूला में ले जाकर और सवारी करने के लिए कहकर उसे शांत करने की कोशिश की लेकिन उसने मना कर दिया और केवल अपने माता-पिता के लिए रोया। यह आदमी उसे हर उस जगह ले गया जहाँ वह आनंद लेना और खरीदना चाहता था। फिर वह उसे एक सपेरे के पास ले गया, जहां उसने फिर से सांप को नाचते देखा तो उसने मना कर दिया। इसके बाद वह उसे बैलून हॉकर के पास ले गया। फिर भी वह अपने माता-पिता के लिए चिल्ला रहा था, फिर वह उसे एक फूल फेरीवाले के पास माला खरीदने के लिए ले गया, लेकिन उसने फिर एक मिठाई विक्रेता को मना कर दिया और उसने तुरंत कोई भी मिठाई लेने से इनकार कर दिया और अपने माता-पिता के लिए कहा।</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Question and answer</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><b id="docs-internal-guid-7dccedfa-7fff-e91f-3267-2a681fd674d0" style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Ques 1. What are the things the child sees on his way to the fair? Why does he lag behind?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Ans - During the course of path to fair, he came across various different views like seen a group of dragonflies, mustard-fields, black bee or butterfly in search of sweetness from the flowers,little insects and worms along the footpath, he heard the cooing of doves, wild capers round the banyan tree,footpaths full of throngs, converging to the whirlpool of the fair, a sweet hawker and flower hawker. He was walking with his parents, still walking alone in his own world.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">He lags behind by seeing all these things, having the desire to buy them to play,to taste and to listen. While his parents were concerned he didn't get lost in the crowd. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">प्रश्न 1. मेले में जाते समय बच्चा क्या देखता है? वह पीछे क्यों है?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">उत्तर - मेले के रास्ते के दौरान, उन्हें कई अलग-अलग दृश्य मिले जैसे कि ड्रैगनफली, सरसों के खेत, काली मधुमक्खी या तितली के एक समूह को फूलों से मिठास की तलाश में, फुटपाथ के किनारे छोटे कीड़े और कीड़े-मकोड़े को देखा। कबूतरों का झुंड, बरगद के पेड़ के चारों ओर जंगली केपर्स, भीड़ से भरे फुटपाथ, मेले के भँवर में परिवर्तित होकर, एक मीठा फेरीवाला और फूलों का फेरीवाला। वह अपने माता-पिता के साथ चल रहा था, फिर भी अपनी दुनिया में अकेला चल रहा था।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3714285714285712; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">वह इन सब चीजों को देखने, खेलने, चखने और सुनने के लिए खरीदने की इच्छा रखने में पिछड़ जाता है। जबकि उसके माता-पिता चिंतित थे, वह भीड़ में नहीं खोया।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Ques 2.In the fair he wants many things. What are they? Why does he move on without waiting for an answer?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Ans- In the fair he wanted several things were:</span></p><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">He wanted to eat burfi from a sweet seller.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">He wanted to buy Garland of gulmohar.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Balloons from a balloon seller.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">He wanted to see snake's dance</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">He wanted to sit on a roundabout ride.</span></p></li></ol><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">But he moves on without waiting for an answer because he already knew the answers of his parents, they wouldn't buy anything for him.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">प्रश्न 2. मेले में वह बहुत कुछ चाहता है। वे क्या हैं? वह उत्तर की प्रतीक्षा किए बिना क्यों आगे बढ़ता है?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">उत्तर- मेले में वह कई चीजें चाहता था:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">वह एक मिठाई विक्रेता की बर्फी खाना चाहता था।</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">वह गुलमोहर की माला खरीदना चाहता था।</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">एक गुब्बारा विक्रेता से गुब्बारे।</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">वह सांप का नृत्य देखना चाहता था</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">वह गोल चक्कर पर बैठना चाहता था।</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.3714285714285712; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">लेकिन वह उत्तर की प्रतीक्षा किए बिना आगे बढ़ जाता है क्योंकि वह पहले से ही अपने माता-पिता के उत्तर जानता था, वे उसके लिए कुछ भी नहीं खरीदेंगे।</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Ques 3. When does he realise that he has lost his way? How have his anxiety and insecurity been described?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Ans 3- he saw a roundabout, where people on this ride are laughing and enjoying it, After watching them, he decide to ask his parents to take this ride, but his parents were not their, this was point when he realised he has lost his way and suddenly full, deep cry rose within his dry throat and with a sudden jerk of his body he ran from where he stood. He cried in real fear and started running here and there shouting mother-father. First he ran on one side then he ran on the other side but he was not able to find his parents. His turban gets untied and clothes dirty.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">This was the whole emotional situation that happened with the boy.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">प्रश्न 3. उसे कब पता चलता है कि वह रास्ता भटक गया है? उसकी चिंता और असुरक्षा का वर्णन कैसे किया गया है?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">उत्तर 3- उसने एक गोल चक्कर देखा, जहाँ इस सवारी पर लोग हँस रहे हैं और इसका आनंद ले रहे हैं, उन्हें देखने के बाद, उसने अपने माता-पिता से यह सवारी करने के लिए कहने का फैसला किया, लेकिन उसके माता-पिता उनके नहीं थे, यह वह बिंदु था जब उसे एहसास हुआ कि वह हार गया है उसका रास्ता और अचानक भरा हुआ, उसके सूखे गले के भीतर गहरी चीख उठी और अपने शरीर के एक झटके के साथ वह जहां खड़ा था, वहां से भाग गया। वह डर के मारे रोया और माँ-बाप चिल्लाते हुए इधर-उधर भागने लगा। पहले वह एक तरफ दौड़ा फिर दूसरी तरफ दौड़ा लेकिन उसे अपने माता-पिता नहीं मिले। उसकी पगड़ी खुल जाती है और कपड़े गंदे हो जाते हैं।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3714285714285712; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">ये थी पूरी इमोशनल सिचुएशन जो लड़के के साथ घटी।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Ques 4. Why does the lost child lose interest in the things that he had wanted earlier?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Ans 4- the lost child loses interest in the things that he had wanted earlier because he had lost his parents in the fair plus he realised somewhere in mind and heart he had complains for them,now he got disheartened from whole things he wanted and feeling guilt and full of fear of not finding his parents.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">प्रश्न 4. खोया हुआ बच्चा उन चीजों में रुचि क्यों खो देता है जो वह पहले चाहता था?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3714285714285712; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">उत्तर 4- खोया हुआ बच्चा उन चीजों में रुचि खो देता है जो वह पहले चाहता था क्योंकि उसने मेले में अपने माता-पिता को खो दिया था और साथ ही उसे कहीं न कहीं मन और दिल से उसकी शिकायत थी, अब वह उन सभी चीजों से निराश हो गया जो वह चाहता था और महसूस कर रहा था अपराधबोध और अपने माता-पिता को न पाने के डर से भरा हुआ।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Ques 5. What do you think happens in the end? Does the child find his parents?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Ans 5- I feel the lost child and his parents would have reunited because of the help of that man who was taking care of him plus his parents were also finding him there, so they got reunited. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">प्रश्न 5. आपको क्या लगता है कि अंत में क्या होता है? क्या बच्चा अपने माता-पिता को ढूंढता है?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3714285714285712; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">उत्तर 5- मुझे लगता है कि खोया हुआ बच्चा और उसके माता-पिता फिर से मिल गए होंगे क्योंकि उस आदमी की मदद से जो उसकी देखभाल कर रहा था और उसके माता-पिता भी उसे वहाँ पा रहे थे, इसलिए वे फिर से मिल गए।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><br /></p></span>Ynothttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17573515841561335765noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2705589226733100549.post-74561987965768941052022-09-05T00:24:00.003-07:002022-09-13T06:45:24.520-07:00Fibre to Fabric Class 7 Notes Science Chapter 3,रेशे से कपड़ा कक्षा 7 नोट्स विज्ञान अध्याय 3<p> <span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;">Fibre to Fabric</span></p><span id="docs-internal-guid-150e3072-7fff-e8e7-3b2a-8a721f8e285e"><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In this chapter we learn about wool and silk obtained from animals. Wool is obtained from the fleece (hair) of sheep or yak. Silk fibres come from cocoons of the silk moth. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">इस अध्याय में हम जानवरों से प्राप्त ऊन और रेशम के बारे में जानेंगे। ऊन भेड़ या याक के ऊन (बालों) से प्राप्त होता है। रेशम के रेशे रेशम कीट के कोकून से प्राप्त होते हैं</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Animal fibres — wool and silk </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">पशु रेशे - ऊन और रेशम</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">WOOL</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">- Wool is natural fiber which comes from sheep, yak and other animals. Wool is basically the hair of these animals. Hairs are good conductors of heat or very bad conductors of air. Hence hairs keep these animals warm.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The hairy skin of the sheep has two types of fibres that form its fleece: (i) the coarse beard hair, and (ii) the fine soft under-hair close to the skin.The fine hair provides the fibres for making wool. Some breeds of sheep possess only fine under-hair, which is good for manufacturing woollens.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">ऊन</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">- ऊन प्राकृतिक फाइबर है जो भेड़, याक और अन्य जानवरों से आता है। ऊन मूल रूप से इन जानवरों के बाल होते हैं। बाल गर्मी के अच्छे संवाहक या हवा के बहुत बुरे संवाहक होते हैं। इसलिए बाल इन जानवरों को गर्म रखते हैं।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">भेड़ की बालों वाली त्वचा में दो प्रकार के रेशे होते हैं जो उसके ऊन का निर्माण करते हैं: (i) मोटे दाढ़ी के बाल, और (ii) त्वचा के पास के पतले मुलायम बाल। महीन बाल ऊन बनाने के लिए रेशे प्रदान करते हैं। भेड़ की कुछ नस्लों में केवल महीन बाल होते हैं, जो ऊनी कपड़े बनाने के लिए अच्छे होते हैं।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Selective breeding</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">- it is the process of selecting specific parents or breed of animal to give specific character or quality offspring which can be used to produce good quality products from them. It is similar to buying high yielding seeds for farming. </span></p><br /><ol style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Sheeps are found in Ladakh, Kashmir and Jammu, tibet. Their wool is called sheep wool which is very common.</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="2" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Goats in jammu and kashmir also give wool</span></p></li></ol><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Angora goats give the wool name Mohair.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Cashmere goats give cashmere wool, and pashmina shawl are made from them.</span></p></li></ul><br /><ol start="3" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Camels are also used to obtain wool, their fur (hair) on the body is used as fiber to use wool, like Llama and Alpaca, found in South America, also yield wool. </span></p></li></ol><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">चयनात्मक प्रजनन- यह विशिष्ट चरित्र या गुणवत्ता संतान देने के लिए विशिष्ट माता-पिता या पशु की नस्ल का चयन करने की प्रक्रिया है जिसका उपयोग उनसे अच्छी गुणवत्ता वाले उत्पादों का उत्पादन करने के लिए किया जा सकता है। यह खेती के लिए अधिक उपज देने वाले बीज खरीदने के समान है।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">भेड़ें लद्दाख, कश्मीर और जम्मू, तिब्बत में पाई जाती हैं। इनके ऊन को भेड़ का ऊन कहा जाता है जो कि बहुत आम है।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">जम्मू-कश्मीर में बकरियां भी देती हैं ऊन</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">अंगोरा बकरियां ऊन को मोहैर नाम देती हैं।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">कश्मीरी बकरियां कश्मीरी ऊन देती हैं, और उनसे पश्मीना शॉल बनाई जाती है।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">ऊंट का उपयोग ऊन प्राप्त करने के लिए भी किया जाता है, शरीर पर उनके फर (बाल) का उपयोग ऊन के उपयोग के लिए फाइबर के रूप में किया जाता है, जैसे दक्षिण अमेरिका में पाए जाने वाले लामा और अल्पाका भी ऊन का उत्पादन करते हैं।</span></p><br /><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">From fibres to wool </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">रेशों से ऊन तक</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hairs of sheeps, goats,camels and yaks have been cut to produce wool. Let's learn how a sheep gets ready to give wool. Hilly areas like Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim, or the plains of Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan and Gujarat are main sources of wool in our country. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Shepherds feed their sheeps and goats by various ways first they take them to grassland for grazing. Apart from grazing sheep, rearers also feed them on a mixture of pulses, corn, jowar, oil cakes (material left after taking out oil from seeds) and minerals. In winter, sheep are kept indoors and fed on leaves, grain and dry fodder.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Certain breeds of sheep have thick coat of hair on their body which yields good quality wool in large quantities. Once the reared sheep have developed a thick growth of hair, hair is shaved off for getting wool.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">ऊन पैदा करने के लिए भेड़, बकरी, ऊंट और याक के बाल काटे गए हैं। आइए जानें कैसे एक भेड़ ऊन देने के लिए तैयार हो जाती है। जम्मू और कश्मीर, हिमाचल प्रदेश, उत्तरांचल, अरुणाचल प्रदेश और सिक्किम जैसे पहाड़ी क्षेत्र या हरियाणा, पंजाब, राजस्थान और गुजरात के मैदानी क्षेत्र हमारे देश में ऊन के मुख्य स्रोत हैं।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> चरवाहे अपनी भेड़ों और बकरियों को विभिन्न तरीकों से खिलाते हैं, पहले वे उन्हें चरने के लिए घास के मैदान में ले जाते हैं। भेड़ चराने के अलावा, पालक उन्हें दाल, मक्का, ज्वार, तेल की खली (बीज से तेल निकालने के बाद बची हुई सामग्री) और खनिजों का मिश्रण भी खिलाते हैं। सर्दियों में भेड़ों को घर के अंदर रखा जाता है और पत्ते, अनाज और सूखा चारा खिलाया जाता है।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">भेड़ की कुछ नस्लों के शरीर पर बालों की मोटी परत होती है जो बड़ी मात्रा में अच्छी गुणवत्ता वाले ऊन का उत्पादन करती है। एक बार पाले जाने वाली भेड़ के बाल घने हो जाते हैं, ऊन पाने के लिए बालों को मुंडाया जाता है।</span></p><br /><br /><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Processing fibres into wool</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">फाइबर से ऊन बनाना</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">After shredding hair there are many steps for making wool:</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Step 1- The fleece of the sheep along with a thin layer of skin is removed from its body . This process is called shearing. Machines like barbar used to shave hair, don't worry sheep don't get hurt. It is similar to how we cut our hair or men shave their beard. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Sheeps get shaved in summer so that they can't die in winter. Now these hairs are processed to make woollen yarns.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Step 2- The sheared skin with hair is thoroughly washed in tanks to remove grease, dust and dirt. This is called scouring. Nowadays scouring is done by machines. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Step 3- After scouring, sorting is done. The hairy skin is sent to a factory where hair of different textures are separated or sorted.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Step 4- The small fluffy fibres, called burrs, are picked out from the hair. These are the same burrs which sometimes appear on your sweaters. The fibres are scoured again and dried. This is the wool ready to be drawn into fibres.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Step 5- The fibres can be dyed in various colours, as the natural fleece of sheep and goats is black, brown or white.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Step 6- The fibres are straightened, combed and rolled into yarn . The longer fibres are made into wool for sweaters and the shorter fibres are spun and woven into woollen cloth.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">बालों को काटने के बाद ऊन बनाने के कई चरण होते हैं:</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">चरण 1- भेड़ के ऊन को त्वचा की एक पतली परत के साथ उसके शरीर से हटा दिया जाता है। इस प्रक्रिया को कतरनी कहा जाता है। बारबार जैसी मशीनें बाल मुंडवाती थीं, चिंता न करें भेड़ों को चोट न लगे। यह उसी तरह है जैसे हम अपने बाल काटते हैं या पुरुष अपनी दाढ़ी काटते हैं।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">भेड़ों को गर्मियों में मुंडवा दिया जाता है ताकि वे सर्दियों में मर न सकें। अब इन बालों को ऊनी धागे बनाने के लिए संसाधित किया जाता है।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">चरण 2- बालों के साथ कतरनी वाली त्वचा को तेल, धूल और गंदगी को हटाने के लिए टैंकों में अच्छी तरह से धोया जाता है। इसे स्क्रबिंग कहते हैं। आजकल मशीनों से दस्तखत किए जाते हैं।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">स्टेप 3- स्कोअरिंग के बाद छँटाई की जाती है। बालों वाली त्वचा को एक कारखाने में भेजा जाता है जहां विभिन्न बनावट के बालों को अलग या क्रमबद्ध किया जाता है।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">चरण 4- छोटे-छोटे भुलक्कड़ रेशे, जिन्हें बूर कहा जाता है, बालों से निकाल लिए जाते हैं। ये वही गड़गड़ाहट हैं जो कभी-कभी आपके स्वेटर पर दिखाई देती हैं। रेशों को फिर से छानकर सुखाया जाता है। यह रेशों में खींचने के लिए तैयार ऊन है।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">चरण 5- रेशों को विभिन्न रंगों में रंगा जा सकता है, क्योंकि भेड़ और बकरियों का प्राकृतिक ऊन काला, भूरा या सफेद होता है।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">चरण 6- रेशों को सीधा किया जाता है, कंघी की जाती है और धागे में लपेटा जाता है। लंबे रेशों को स्वेटर के लिए ऊन में बनाया जाता है और छोटे रेशों को काता जाता है और ऊनी कपड़े में बुना जाता है।</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The processing of fibre into wool can be represented as follows: Shearing → Scouring → Sorting → Cleaning of burrs ↓ Rolling ← Dyeing.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">SILK- silk is also another fiber which we get from living beings i.e silkworms. Silkworms spin the ‘silk fibres’. The rearing of silkworms for obtaining silk is called sericulture. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">ऊन में फाइबर के प्रसंस्करण को निम्नानुसार दर्शाया जा सकता है: शियरिंग → स्कोअरिंग → सॉर्टिंग → गड़गड़ाहट की सफाई रोलिंग ← रंगाई।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">रेशम- रेशम भी एक और फाइबर है जो हमें जीवित प्राणियों यानी रेशम के कीड़ों से मिलता है। रेशमकीट 'रेशम के रेशों' को घुमाते हैं। रेशम प्राप्त करने के लिए रेशमकीटों के पालन को रेशम उत्पादन कहा जाता है।</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Life history of silk moth</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In the pupa stage it first weaves a net to hold itself. Then it swings its head from side to side in the form of the figure of eight (8). During these movements of the head, the caterpillar secretes fibre made of a protein which hardens on exposure to air and becomes silk fibre.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The caterpillar completely covers itself by silk fibres and turns into pupa. This covering is known as cocoon. Silk fibres are used for weaving silk cloth, this soft silk yarn is as strong as a comparable thread of steel.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">There are different types of silks :</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Tassar silk</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Mooga silk </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Kosa silk</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">These different types of cocoons are spun by different types of moths. The most common silk moth is the mulberry silk moth.The silk fibre from the cocoon of this moth is soft, lustrous and elastic and can be dyed in beautiful colours.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Sericulture or culture of silkworms is keeping various kinds of silk worms to obtain silk from worms.it is a very old occupation of India. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">प्यूपा अवस्था में यह पहले खुद को पकड़ने के लिए जाल बुनती है। फिर यह आठ (8) की आकृति के रूप में अपने सिर को अगल-बगल से घुमाता है। सिर के इन आंदोलनों के दौरान, कैटरपिलर प्रोटीन से बने फाइबर को गुप्त करता है जो हवा के संपर्क में कठोर हो जाता है और रेशम फाइबर बन जाता है।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">कैटरपिलर पूरी तरह से रेशम के रेशों से खुद को ढक लेता है और प्यूपा में बदल जाता है। इस आवरण को कोकून कहते हैं। रेशम के रेशों का उपयोग रेशमी कपड़े की बुनाई के लिए किया जाता है, यह नरम रेशमी धागा स्टील के तुलनीय धागे जितना मजबूत होता है।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">रेशम के विभिन्न प्रकार होते हैं:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">टसर रेशम</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">मूगा रेशम</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">कोसा रेशम</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">ये विभिन्न प्रकार के कोकून विभिन्न प्रकार के पतंगों द्वारा काटे जाते हैं। सबसे आम रेशम कीट शहतूत रेशम कीट है। इस कीट के कोकून से रेशम फाइबर नरम, चमकदार और लोचदार होता है और इसे सुंदर रंगों में रंगा जा सकता है।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">रेशमकीट पालन या संवर्धन रेशमकीटों से रेशम प्राप्त करने के लिए विभिन्न प्रकार के रेशम के कीड़ों को रख रहा है। यह भारत का एक बहुत पुराना व्यवसाय है।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">From cocoon to silk </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">For obtaining silk, moths are bred, taken care of and their cocoons are collected to get silk threads.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rearing silkworms</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">: A female silk moth lays hundreds of eggs at a time. The eggs are stored on paper and cloth than sold to farmer. Now these eggs need to be kept at a specific temperature so they hatch and feed on mulberry leaves, these larvae or caterpillars eat night and day till 25 to 30 days after these eating days they go into a bamboo chamber of bamboo in the tray to spin cocoons. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">रेशमकीट पालन: एक मादा रेशम कीट एक बार में सैकड़ों अंडे देती है। किसान को बेचे जाने की तुलना में अंडे कागज और कपड़े पर रखे जाते हैं। अब इन अंडों को एक विशिष्ट तापमान पर रखने की आवश्यकता होती है ताकि वे शहतूत के पत्तों पर अंडे दें और खिलाएं, ये लार्वा या कैटरपिलर इन खाने के दिनों के 25 से 30 दिनों तक रात और दिन खाते हैं, वे कोकून को स्पिन करने के लिए एक बांस कक्ष में जाते हैं।</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The caterpillar or silkworm spins the cocoon inside which develops the silk moth.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">कैटरपिलर या रेशमकीट कोकून को घुमाता है जिसके अंदर रेशम कीट विकसित होता है।</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Processing silk: </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A pile of cocoons is used for obtaining silk fibres. The cocoons are kept under the sun or boiled or exposed to steam. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The process of taking out threads from the cocoon for use as silk is called reeling the silk. Reeling is done in special machines, which unwind the threads or fibres of silk from the cocoon.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">रेशम का प्रसंस्करण</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">: रेशम के रेशों को प्राप्त करने के लिए कोकूनों के ढेर का उपयोग किया जाता है। कोकूनों को धूप में रखा जाता है या उबाला जाता है या भाप के संपर्क में लाया जाता है।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">रेशम के रूप में उपयोग के लिए कोकून से धागे निकालने की प्रक्रिया रेशम को रीलिंग कहलाती है। रीलिंग विशेष मशीनों में की जाती है, जो कोकून से रेशम के धागों या रेशों को खोलती हैं।</span></p><br /><span id="docs-internal-guid-e086d3b0-7fff-827c-3f45-3523605f9d27"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(ए) काली भेड़ के किन हिस्सों में ऊन होती है?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3714285714285712; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">उत्तर- भेड़ की बालों वाली त्वचा में दो प्रकार के तंतु होते हैं जो उसके ऊन का निर्माण करते हैं: (i) दाढ़ी के मोटे बाल, और (ii) त्वचा के पास के पतले मुलायम बाल। महीन बाल ऊन बनाने के लिए रेशे प्रदान करते हैं।</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> (b) What is meant by the white fleece of the lamb?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ans- The white fleece of the lamb is meant by white hairs of sheep.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(ख) मेमने के सफेद ऊन का क्या अर्थ है?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3714285714285712; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">उत्तर- मेमने के सफेद ऊन का मतलब भेड़ के सफेद बालों से है।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2. The silkworm is</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> (a) a caterpillar, (b) a larva. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ans- both a and b.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2. रेशमकीट है</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> (ए) एक कैटरपिलर, (बी) एक लार्वा।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3714285714285712; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">उत्तर- ए और बी दोनों।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3. Which of the following does not yield wool? (i) Yak (ii) Camel (iii) Goat (iv) Woolly dog</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ans- Woolly Dog.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">4. What is meant by the following terms? Ans (i) Rearing- rearing is a much broader term than feeding, its mean keeping, feeding on grass with other nutritional food like: mixture of pulses, corn, jowar, oil cakes (material left after taking out oil from seeds) and minerals. In winter, sheep are kept indoors and fed on leaves, grain and dry fodder,breeding and taking care of their health. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(ii) Shearing- The fleece of the sheep along with a thin layer of skin is removed from its body,this process is called shearing.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(iii) Sericulture- The rearing of silkworms for obtaining silk is called sericulture. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">4. निम्नलिखित शब्दों का क्या अर्थ है? उत्तर (i) पालन-पोषण, खिलाने की तुलना में अधिक व्यापक शब्द है, इसका मतलब रखना, अन्य पोषक भोजन के साथ घास पर भोजन करना जैसे: दालें, मक्का, ज्वार, तेल केक (बीज से तेल निकालने के बाद छोड़ी गई सामग्री) और खनिजों का मिश्रण . सर्दियों में भेड़ों को घर के अंदर रखा जाता है और पत्ते, अनाज और सूखा चारा खिलाया जाता है, प्रजनन और उनके स्वास्थ्य की देखभाल की जाती है।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(ii) बाल काटना- भेड़ के ऊन के साथ-साथ त्वचा की एक पतली परत उसके शरीर से हटा दी जाती है, इस प्रक्रिया को कतरनी कहा जाता है।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3714285714285712; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(iii) रेशम उत्पादन- रेशम प्राप्त करने के लिए रेशमकीटों का पालन रेशम उत्पादन कहलाता है।</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">5. Given below is a sequence of steps in the processing of wool. Which are the missing steps? Add them</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ans- The processing of fibre into wool can be represented as follows: Shearing → Scouring → Sorting → Cleaning of burrs ↓ Rolling ← Dyeing.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">5. ऊन के प्रसंस्करण के चरणों का क्रम नीचे दिया गया है। लापता कदम कौन से हैं? उनको जोड़ों</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3714285714285712; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">उत्तर- ऊन में फाइबर के प्रसंस्करण को निम्नानुसार दर्शाया जा सकता है: कतरनी → खुरचना → छंटाई → गड़गड़ाहट की सफाई रोलिंग रंगाई।</span></p><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">6. Make sketches of the two stages in the life history of the silk moth which are directly related to the production of silk. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 277px; overflow: hidden; width: 293px;"><img height="277" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/kYRrl6QFHFUu37_gRvExNwscRNmBa_z2qKOio7mL_fImHpu0uvqJ1-lta5DfShr8jI3jD9_XvD3zEYv82XEaQ4QZUT-PvLwZccYMdrEwMy_uAllDheO9Ml8mIMalFFrlw1-CRXF-T4k2wa4sfiDvfqWfCYyQH8gy8kXZuFM7kssMZ2TM6hawq6ynBg" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="293" /></span></span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">7. Out of the following, which are the two terms related to silk production?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ans- Sericulture, moriculture.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">7. निम्नलिखित में से रेशम उत्पादन से संबंधित दो शब्द कौन-से हैं?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3714285714285712; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">उत्तर- रेशमकीट पालन, पशुपालन।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">8. Match the words of Column I with those given in Column II:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ans 1-e</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> 2-c</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> 3-b</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> 4- a,d</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">9. Given below is a crossword puzzle based on this lesson. Use hints to fill in the blank spaces with letters that complete the words.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ans-</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1D- SCOUR</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2D- SLIK</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3D- FIBRE</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1A-WPR</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2A-MULBERRY</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3A-CATERPILLAR</span></p><br /><br /></span><br /><br /><br /><br /></span>Ynothttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17573515841561335765noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2705589226733100549.post-65130670785784174002022-09-05T00:21:00.002-07:002022-09-05T00:21:11.424-07:00NCERT Class 5 EVS Chapter 1 Super Senses,एनसीईआरटी कक्षा 5 ईवीएस अध्याय 1 सुपर सेंस<p> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 21pt; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Super Senses</span></p><span id="docs-internal-guid-9bb5465c-7fff-3fa1-0072-ff9ae3dcc0c2"><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1.All living beings on this earth have five sense with them</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #999999; font-family: Arial; font-size: 18pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">इस पृथ्वी पर सभी प्राणियों के साथ पांच इंद्रियां हैं</span></p><br /><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 194px; overflow: hidden; width: 236px;"><img height="194" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/tzKp8oj607e9zdz-HsFOyLGgW_2jTUD5apWgYMRuqOqqzyMmszbrL0g1oqD9ifjV7YUOt4FqqlCnk79GtTESZQ-T5o2gU6EUAlSPd-axISfXLrI7zhCkdik9cKLduNB_mKh53FWJDy9kjCetij0XLn2lZ-AxbvE7DupOWSseXGdUgFGPfYknDlSP" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="236" /></span><br /><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2. These senses are :</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Sight from eyes</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Smell from nose</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Taste from mouth</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Touch from skin</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hearing from ears</span></p></li></ul><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #666666; font-family: Arial; font-size: 18pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">ये इंद्रियां हैं:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #666666; font-family: Arial; font-size: 18pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">आँखों से नज़र</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #666666; font-family: Arial; font-size: 18pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">नाक से बदबू</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #666666; font-family: Arial; font-size: 18pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">मुँह से स्वाद</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #666666; font-family: Arial; font-size: 18pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">त्वचा से स्पर्श</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #666666; font-family: Arial; font-size: 18pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">कानों से सुनना</span></p><br /><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 42px; overflow: hidden; width: 29px;"><img height="42" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/QeybvMJdtN2a5b0GKxmtu8HeB3XmEnrX_QGm-myFuh0gFY63XA_jCkD99UuWC6p0qRjgnbfrNnoOVhBN2oLdWwmXlUW3Te043vmEY6prHqaHR3tQUcd__oe2EwJVsenxIyzg40VJkcAdWYcA6kGmERS6ry4p104xZ0LocsmelUsH4V7AKHUVmiAk" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="29" /></span><br /><br /><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3. Lets learn about these:</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #666666; font-family: Arial; font-size: 18pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">आइए जानें इनके बारे में</span></p><br /><br /><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 140px; overflow: hidden; width: 106px;"><img height="140" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/hvpSjRqr_aoWK6wZqW2HTpqr8aBTtY1g7Gufpx8ql7Vqooh21IpTOSXnNtcWYg1Gkf1X9JlQEjp_24aPLhMtruXiIBuFo2txFEBuaFsdBGs3-7gPDA7E1sbfAQihakOKnQNkh3LqWgk-D_d6AHQVSP56pKxc1_lgiVdEdcnL8HorBmWAh6HkC5gb" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="106" /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">4. Have you ever noticed if you threw a piece of sugar or any sweet edible things on the floor how fast an ant comes to notice that, and why?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #666666; font-family: Arial; font-size: 18pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">क्या आपने कभी गौर किया है कि अगर आपने चीनी का टुकड़ा या खाने योग्य कोई मीठी चीज फर्श पर फेंक दी तो चींटी को कितनी तेजी से पता चलता है और क्यों?</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">5. Answer is due to</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Smell</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. Ants have a very strong sense of </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">SMELL</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Ant also recognises it's fellow being from only smell. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ants leaves their smell on ground so that there fellow ants follow them, </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #666666; font-family: Arial; font-size: 18pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">उत्तर- </span><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 18pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">गंध</span><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #666666; font-family: Arial; font-size: 18pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> के कारण है। चींटियों में </span><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 18pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">गंध</span><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #666666; font-family: Arial; font-size: 18pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> की बहुत तेज भावना होती है।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #666666; font-family: Arial; font-size: 18pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> चींटी भी अपने साथी को केवल गंध से पहचानती है।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #666666; font-family: Arial; font-size: 18pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">चींटियाँ अपनी गंध ज़मीन पर छोड़ देती हैं ताकि वहाँ साथी चींटियाँ उनका पीछा करें,</span></p><br /><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">6. If you make a barrier between the line of going ants, they will make another line to walk as they work on smell.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #666666; font-family: Arial; font-size: 18pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">यदि आप जाने वाली चींटियों की रेखा के बीच एक अवरोध बनाते हैं, तो वे चलने के लिए एक और रेखा बनाएंगे क्योंकि वे गंध पर काम करती हैं।</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">7. Similarly, mosquitoes find human body by their smell and heat,</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #666666; font-family: Arial; font-size: 18pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">इसी तरह मच्छर इंसानी शरीर को अपनी गंध और गर्मी से ढूंढते हैं</span><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 154px; overflow: hidden; width: 184px;"><img height="154" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/aOaQHIWB3wBNe3f5ARYg09VVL3BGQeVLDGOlj66znBTED3xZLca2f2IUzsgeClXa7D3k-fgOeEtWLLnRo_SEFO8cPAwUZY05QHs16A2N4rhwR-MrT0VG_pA2Y1bFyKqo9iy2PENnD3QlqE7e0RLI2LSezVESmF7aV8SnsuVw-R5tnFpyQoGD6fps" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="184" /></span></p><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">8. While male silkworm also finds female silkworm through its smell only.</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #666666; font-family: Arial; font-size: 18pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">जबकि नर रेशमकीट भी मादा रेशमकीट को अपनी गंध से ही खोज लेता है।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 198px; overflow: hidden; width: 212px;"><img height="198" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/yjw9XpgXwJa2eFWJTC65Lg44N-4uh9QNcNUMe8eYuk8JfsLvm64xDw_ClERjb7wWgyKQAq1jF03KKK0ikW4ekeZ7BTDITLne_u2IEJS-sefAtiJOYNMXoPe5dawQO68G5Y39tCoTuMtm9EsgsByIBGRyLpFBQRxuIyFuU4aV4Z3XOAudJCHm-PYT" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="212" /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">9. Dogs mark their area by urine so that no other dog stays in the area, plus dogs employed by our forces to detect bomb implants due to their high sense of smell.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #666666; font-family: Arial; font-size: 18pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">कुत्ते अपने क्षेत्र को मूत्र से चिह्नित करते हैं ताकि कोई अन्य कुत्ता उस क्षेत्र में न रहे, साथ ही कुत्तों को उनकी गंध की उच्च भावना के कारण बम प्रत्यारोपण का पता लगाने के लिए नियोजित किया गया।</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">10.We human also sensitive to smell, some human being find some smells bad and good, it also depends on person to person, example may be a variant of deodorant is like by a group of people while same variant doesn’t like by other group of people</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #666666; font-family: Arial; font-size: 18pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">हम इंसान भी सूंघने के लिए संवेदनशील होते हैं कुछ इंसानों को कुछ गंध खराब और अच्छी लगती है, यह व्यक्ति से दूसरे व्यक्ति पर भी निर्भर करता है, उदाहरण हो सकता है कि डिओडोरेंट का एक प्रकार लोगों के समूह द्वारा पसंद किया जाता है जबकि एक ही प्रकार अन्य लोगों के समूह द्वारा पसंद नहीं किया जाता है।</span></p><br /><br /><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">11. But certain smells are always considered bad like garbage smell, toilet smell. </span><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 147px; overflow: hidden; width: 223px;"><img height="147" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/2EvqVcn870qw0dY5rmeBm6EKpXkjBWvrURLFtYVqrJszxO-UfkwQX9WWYf1FgI981UZlEIgUQazzeHbLMwur30kvxaEKGPcfZCLppeVo7VD3SqRxgIbcu0e8nLAjFtJL7ENMmglvvTA3hqO1o351XrlScDlDKq17ca-U76K7a8KWypCoth8RdOHq" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="223" /></span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #666666; font-family: Arial; font-size: 18pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">लेकिन कुछ गंध हमेशा खराब मानी जाती हैं जैसे कूड़े की गंध, शौचालय की गंध। </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">12. Just imagine how some children who spend the whole day picking garbage</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 18pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">कल्पना कीजिए कि कैसे कुछ बच्चे जो पूरा दिन कचरा उठाने में बिता देते हैं</span></p><br /><br /><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 176px; overflow: hidden; width: 176px;"><img height="176" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/uBtqyLlE3naNqETeDzdY9s03cC-R70R7ODsrXnd1QM8PeyhQIzu1F_o6MN-CjYiV3ZEkdlNZr1Wf23y5D5NrPOywS_YM44CVJGdhsLUJKMY_rSxl1kfBkolb6xHXQbCk-yulFmu2QmDA7DSmIJh4CXdrjufudrRV1--doTbmliT51HifHizVmEpd" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="176" /></span><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">13. We have seen birds have their eyes on either side of their heads. </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">You know why </span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #666666; font-family: Arial; font-size: 18pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">हमने देखा है कि पक्षियों के सिर के दोनों ओर आंखें होती हैं।</span><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 18pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 18pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">तुम जानते हो क्यों</span><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 91px; overflow: hidden; width: 104px;"><img height="91" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/4S6xr6tqwHNDyXmi2jHVLUGEmvlyNG_toGiFyuPFiDP3Hf3gxIStJHldwoxcr_oUHm_jhvRzc2QF6QAtgdXiLPoRc_qj1oBhOCFiXCKmFMBTKb3nXOP4SRzkPsDkY3rq8xbLeWnnUIL7CdPobiOx-LvWETb1ZIQWoscqFcQdRKJ4LbR07OV0ZcrD" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="104" /></span></p><br /><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">14. So that, their eyes can focus on two different things at a time</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. When they look straight ahead, both their eyes focus on the same object. Plus they can save themselves from predators. It also increases their visionary area. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 18pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">ताकि उनकी नजर एक बार में दो अलग-अलग चीजों पर फोकस कर सके</span><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #666666; font-family: Arial; font-size: 18pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">। जब वे सीधे आगे देखते हैं, तो उनकी दोनों आंखें एक ही वस्तु पर केंद्रित होती हैं। साथ ही वे शिकारियों से खुद को बचा सकते हैं। यह उनके दूरदर्शी क्षेत्र को भी बढ़ाता है।</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">15. An owl has eyes in front of its head,like human beings to increase focus. Now try to see one thing by closing one eye and opening another eye and find the differences.</span><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 221px; overflow: hidden; width: 234px;"><img height="221" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/NP_QO0_mX-lVr3io1ntl08kgLjNbWu0988Vc7pVFoKrySHlhLQfLpSdHUl-QeclGcCs4zMiG97MAsgN1t3dhXKBKUQffARUfpGYo3paq6pMVKvQY2ArTXTyEwEeIXNm4as7ZAS5p3lLtHG6-Xc3GTOIP0Bls-1EY44xqAqI7OuVP2LpJhna7yPP5" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="234" /></span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 18pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">एक उल्लू के सिर के सामने आंखें होती हैं, जैसे इंसान फोकस बढ़ाने के लिए। अब एक आंख बंद करके और दूसरी आंख खोलकर एक चीज को देखने की कोशिश करें और अंतर खोजें।</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> 16. If humans have eyes on both sides,it will increase the area of seeing things i.e increased vision area.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #666666; font-family: Arial; font-size: 18pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">यदि मनुष्य की दोनों ओर आंखें हों, तो यह चीजों को देखने के क्षेत्र में वृद्धि करेगा अर्थात दृष्टि क्षेत्र में वृद्धि होगी।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">17. Some birds like kites, eagles, vultures can see four times as far as we can. These birds can see things from a distance of eight metres what we can see from a distance of two metres.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #666666; font-family: Arial; font-size: 18pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">कुछ पक्षी जैसे चील, चील, गिद्ध हम जितना दूर देख सकते हैं, चार बार देख सकते हैं। ये पक्षी आठ मीटर की दूरी से ऐसी चीजें देख सकते हैं जो हम दो मीटर की दूरी से देख सकते हैं।</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">18. Animals can’t see all colors like human beings</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, those animals who are awake in morning can see some colors but those who are nocternal can’t see colors in the night.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 18pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">जानवर इंसानों की तरह सभी रंग नहीं देख सकते</span><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 18pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, </span><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #666666; font-family: Arial; font-size: 18pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">जो जानवर सुबह जागते हैं वे कुछ रंग देख सकते हैं लेकिन जो रात में रंग नहीं देख सकते हैं।</span></p><br /><br /><br /><br /><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 188px; overflow: hidden; width: 307px;"><img height="188" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/iteZVbjA-NwtOubZ3q8Ni2_zOhCAtXa0kLolXLML_rfYkLJ1VveCURAOQ3ASUEtBTsUbPcG18LWJQk2RCnnLx88T-0TBqkLYXCSAS3RbYB-dsHHQOYrLFfIrDuNYQzGmpw6mdEET2iBvouu9dQBIcGr0T9mExQU3-vZTKg3UCFrwQ_bMr2Y934RL" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="307" /></span><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 225px; overflow: hidden; width: 225px;"><img height="225" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/a4euuqWajOQje-8so1EP83uzKOyNsqT-dobPvq_Q0G9KWJsRqR9ddcp3_8Um44FRtFsuRyAJd8yX-TKQCQ0nICH8wY6mMvAnYXxXzJsmYCXNXeEk7BR6f5LitoPtizYfjuy7aHreZ8WqchwD19JL7deUn2_DIDIW8shiKMSmPGhjYTsK6VZLr6kn" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="225" /></span><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span></p><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 18pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Sharp ear</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">19. Ears give living beings a sense of hearing. </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Some animals like</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 18pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">कान जीवित प्राणियों को सुनने की भावना देते हैं</span><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 18pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">। </span><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #666666; font-family: Arial; font-size: 18pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">कुछ जानवर पसंद करते हैं</span></p><br /><br /><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 152px; overflow: hidden; width: 130px;"><img height="152" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/8WAoXBgj5x7xLTqXIWKhv25SdDDpw0kBgdza_B_cFAbChJBbn0pLtLCM3Lir_mmdX_s3rImzqAC4EmUJV5Nl9o4Nkhop1uxf5WpgvZ_e71pq1haS0TztCN3Wp4pBWTohEHEF2uCCPbNkJT84ZlWihwS4ABSsMBiPb5G28eCgKB6u6pPWZJfvE-qU" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="130" /></span><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 18pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Fennec Fox </span></p></li></ol><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><ol start="2" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="border: none; clear: left; display: inline-block; float: left; height: 165px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; overflow: hidden; width: 165px;"><img height="165" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/TgKBQI1X48PZjuVddpQ5To94MyCfqE7NbsR_GEwYtiqRnpetl8ij-nETeHnZ_S-VhV1evw1j9yFh44ZIxKJXMvawhzzPn-p4zf_woR8hdnEoJUSDj54mbV239DwR_tHLuxWHyxCEYWajpOJ8wpHk-vLyZ2x59YmFRKYvDdq1PKnLWPA3c7lJ6hPC" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="165" /></span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">African Elephant </span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></p></li></ol><br /><br /><br /><br /><ol start="3" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="border: none; clear: left; display: inline-block; float: left; height: 133px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; overflow: hidden; width: 155px;"><img height="133" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/dvNGIaDZXLXhFhTu5ZjK_gUZET1pwvyDeOHK4Q3S_Gl8AMXPJqdJhBAe4FSrAIjOyh-6O8i2S93aD8JVGcaTkBF6OVmBDQGUf3q5LXCz1YFsRNKWogeF7orLdIY-hmrJ2p1U_HuI97pgPyK8DoWmkkvY-9JsINnpXeIfoBItujUpmDgaRwRLHi7p" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="155" /></span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Mule Deer </span></p></li></ol><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><ol start="4" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Long eared jerboa</span></p></li></ol><br /><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 163px; overflow: hidden; width: 155px;"><img height="163" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/AUEUQlsIqvI1KXCUCEY9MCYfG-34rXaUZOoEX0XXd5D0-K3mX5fsyMYo1kCxz5LKLI60mVCDxfGW4IgkwVgPAIEL5OUsLv52PgZri7gkkhB5pSj3o0MgLcaBRV2RSGdetK9H4Co1zz02KWuUJRLEyC9U9ncWwkvpn0dKzBpJS5ov77czCZe4M05F" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="155" /></span><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">20. Have very big ears which not only help them to listen from a long distance, very clear and focused plus protect them from predators. Unlike human beings if we need to listen very carefully we need the speaker or sound producing thing. Example if a person is talking softly we need to go near that person to listen and understand it.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #666666; font-family: Arial; font-size: 18pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">बहुत बड़े कान होते हैं जो न केवल उन्हें लंबी दूरी से सुनने में मदद करते हैं, बल्कि बहुत स्पष्ट और केंद्रित होते हैं और शिकारियों से भी उनकी रक्षा करते हैं। मनुष्य के विपरीत यदि हमें बहुत ध्यान से सुनने की आवश्यकता है तो हमें वक्ता या ध्वनि उत्पन्न करने वाली वस्तु की आवश्यकता है। उदाहरण के लिए यदि कोई व्यक्ति धीरे से बात कर रहा है तो हमें उसे सुनने और समझने के लिए उस व्यक्ति के पास जाना होगा।</span></p><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">21. Sound systems of living being</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #666666; font-family: Arial; font-size: 18pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">जीवों की ध्वनि प्रणाली</span></p><br /><br /><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 104px; overflow: hidden; width: 140px;"><img height="104" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/LPr2P3vMYz_7SQbTcK2jkMFmRNZMzsM-Iv50yU0_calN8UPE6ndZCRyixfyFmv5z4b6G2xVHd77LQVyN4Px17WERrB4t0sdxCVZ5EHU23zrSWScZA25dY5t08fFCwYgXooqNT83OvBuhkowVk9GpCp5uaUX1lmTYyB7pFJjB-G1aXtDr1P71DeoW" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="140" /></span><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">22. Every living being on this earth uses its sound to communicate with each other.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Like we human shout whenever we feel scared or something wrong happens, </span><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 164px; overflow: hidden; width: 216px;"><img height="164" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/7fbu8a91KAKisKe7oZR_roWikD-2olHiiDc7WRT5-aB2Uet_TexMen1Sj2DmSKZQ3cwB7BrWG3DJ7OSShd173_cAvOYJPFUjktfw_APuXwyYhQAeXqcy_3up9wKM1rD3C05chnkq8mm9v3BYq6n5zuahHW99b_yRTMYfLttPhTT7XVaxat3mX5cd" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="216" /></span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">23. Similarly, </span><span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">many animals and birds have different languages to inform each other</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #666666; font-family: Arial; font-size: 18pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">इस पृथ्वी पर रहने वाला प्रत्येक प्राणी एक दूसरे से संवाद करने के लिए अपनी ध्वनि का उपयोग करता है।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #666666; font-family: Arial; font-size: 18pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">जैसे हम इंसान चिल्लाते हैं जब भी हमें डर लगता है या कुछ गलत होता है, इसी तरह</span><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 18pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, </span><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 18pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">कई जानवरों और पक्षियों की एक-दूसरे को सूचित करने के लिए अलग-अलग भाषाएं होती हैं</span></p><br /><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">24. Langur and many birds make special warning calls whenever they see leopards or eagles. There are different-different warning signs for different different warnings for ground and sky.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #666666; font-family: Arial; font-size: 18pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">लंगूर और कई पक्षी जब भी तेंदुए या चील को देखते हैं तो विशेष चेतावनी देते हैं। जमीन और आसमान के लिए अलग-अलग चेतावनियों के लिए अलग-अलग चेतावनी संकेत हैं।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">25. Under the water, Dolphins also make different sounds to give messages to each other. Scientists believe that many animals have a special language of their own.</span><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 122px; overflow: hidden; width: 178px;"><img height="122" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/28DaeZq3EwvySJNY0Lvq5-8_vfk834Xz5vaHZv5DtLYmuOLu5eIeNqyYp8jkOJ8poAVGYDGGWSTwoXIGtWt2VViSTcFbZPkT7-i_koWWau65S70kUx3pMeLt4xszCJuDQiLEDnyjj3qVikMfE1nhGffOq82kPoLTPpua0gapUcVd-pYMFTavlvOT" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="178" /></span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #666666; font-family: Arial; font-size: 18pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">पानी के नीचे, डॉल्फ़िन एक दूसरे को संदेश देने के लिए अलग-अलग आवाज़ें भी निकालती हैं। वैज्ञानिकों का मानना है कि कई जानवरों की अपनी एक खास भाषा होती है।</span></p><br /><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 172px; overflow: hidden; width: 172px;"><img height="172" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/KpD5VN7l_qa7Txypi5CmFG7vpe0MtPam6pB2o6IOIKH1GFBDwWpmYgphELbeVCwV2zCzbirLY1PBigetq6ELbPX796VwwJoNiuBy7xVByNw_hZNabtuhjrH8saFKs6x_sT6CRpRJX26REXPQTZnyYm4zBO8O7BblFenX12xzxpqtJ7jTuHlHDWxI" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="172" /></span><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">26. Sleep-waking</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 18pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">नींद-जागना</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">27. We living beings sleep to take rest and to improve oursense, Human beings should sleep for 7-8 hours in 24 hours to be healthy.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #666666; font-family: Arial; font-size: 18pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">हम जीवित प्राणी आराम करने के लिए सोते हैं और अपनी बुद्धि में सुधार करने के लिए, मनुष्य को स्वस्थ रहने के लिए 24 घंटे में 7-8 घंटे सोना चाहिए।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">28. While some animals go for a long time to sleep for months i.e called hibernation. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Like lizards and bears go to long sleep in winters.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #666666; font-family: Arial; font-size: 18pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">जबकि कुछ जानवर महीनों तक सोने के लिए लंबे समय तक चले जाते हैं यानी हाइबरनेशन कहलाते हैं।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #666666; font-family: Arial; font-size: 18pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">जैसे छिपकलियां और भालू सर्दियों में लंबी नींद में चले जाते हैं।</span></p><br /><br /><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 312px; overflow: hidden; width: 312px;"><span style="border: none; clear: left; display: inline-block; float: left; height: 134px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; overflow: hidden; width: 281px;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">29. These are some sleeping patterns of various animals</span></span></span><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #666666; font-family: Arial; font-size: 18pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #666666; font-family: Arial; font-size: 18pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #666666; font-family: Arial; font-size: 18pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #666666; font-family: Arial; font-size: 18pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #666666; font-family: Arial; font-size: 18pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #666666; font-family: Arial; font-size: 18pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></p>ये विभिन्न जानवरों के सोने के कुछ पैटर्न हैं</span><p></p><br /><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Summary ends</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #666666; font-family: Arial; font-size: 18pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">सारांश समाप्त</span></p><br />Ynothttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17573515841561335765noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2705589226733100549.post-78682434726420558862022-09-05T00:07:00.004-07:002022-09-19T02:32:39.708-07:00NCERT Class 7 History Social Science Chapter 3 The Delhi Sultans,एनसीईआरटी कक्षा 7 इतिहास सामाजिक विज्ञान अध्याय 3 दिल्ली सुल्तान<p> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: red;">THE DELHI SULTANS</span></span></p><span id="docs-internal-guid-dc0e4437-7fff-84b9-5fd0-71dd2a01fd52"><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Delhi is our capital. Was Delhi always important from ages or capital of this subcontinent ? Let's find out.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">दिल्ली हमारी राजधानी है। क्या दिल्ली हमेशा इस उपमहाद्वीप की सदियों से या राजधानियों में महत्वपूर्ण थी? चलो पता करते हैं।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-size: 18pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 624px; overflow: hidden; width: 341px;"><img height="624" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/MAz6av3X7gsyCqpW1fyOIjxG0G8iF-6EaEwPRN3WQsYc5AKekPufv9hh5t59oAENm0sEufkwPW3KQApViOLNnvo-HKgPjkWbwshrzvX0CVtB4PH_pdRZpDsRSmp127XTDsATuZ797KXX4Q6ln18cpSEbl1exz9LgXhFN3nk5CPVvvA6nOtNvlHOC" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="341" /></span></span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Delhi Sultanate</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> begins from </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">13 th century</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, where five dynasties made Delhi sultanate. </span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2. Before, </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Delhi</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> first became the capital of a kingdom under the </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Tomara Rajputs</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, who were defeated in the middle of the twelfth century by the </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Chauhans (also referred to as Chahamanas) of Ajmer</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. It was under the </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Tomaras</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> and </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Chauhans</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> that Delhi became an important commercial centre. Many rich </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Jaina merchants</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> lived in the city and constructed several temples. </span><span style="color: #9900ff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Coins</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> were made , called </span><span style="color: #9900ff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">dehliwal</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2. दिल्ली सल्तनत</span><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> की शुरुआत </span><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">13वीं</span><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> शताब्दी से होती है, जहां पांच राजवंशों ने दिल्ली को सल्तनत बनाया था। इससे पहले, दिल्ली पहले </span><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">तोमर</span><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> राजपूतों के अधीन एक राज्य की राजधानी बन गई थी, जिन्हें बारहवीं शताब्दी के मध्य में अजमेर के </span><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">चौहानों</span><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> (जिन्हें </span><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">चाहमान</span><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> भी कहा जाता है) द्वारा पराजित किया गया था। </span><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">तोमरस</span><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> और </span><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">चौहानों</span><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> के अधीन ही दिल्ली एक महत्वपूर्ण व्यावसायिक केंद्र बन गया। कई </span><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">समृद्ध जैन व्यापारी</span><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> शहर में रहते थे और कई मंदिरों का निर्माण करते थे। यहाँ पर ढले हुए सिक्के </span><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #9900ff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">देहलीवाल</span><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> कहलाते हैं।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 339px; overflow: hidden; width: 369px;"><img height="339" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/DqITPvRTZG6_yIpGhv4VIS7OdoeuyslKC155N64bGfDN0byCVfZ1ru_TW7UIvaWi3bK4MsIokd_5GxvIysv3y1zpGSumsMAMhr7ieesvno7Z0U1V9KTS-bYT99tmZHEqYJucA07oJ3JhO8WZxQy5hbiftawmawGjlcNFkNKI8KMmUoYjzKooQZMZ" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="369" /></span></p><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3.The </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Delhi Sultans</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> built many cities in the area that we now know as Delhi like - </span><span style="color: #9900ff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Dehli-i Kuhna, Siri(shiri fort)</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="color: #9900ff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Jahanpanah( jahanpanah forest),Tughlakabad</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> and </span><span style="color: #9900ff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Firuz shah Kotla.</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3. दिल्ली के सुल्तानों</span><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> ने उस क्षेत्र में कई शहरों का निर्माण किया जिसे अब हम दिल्ली के नाम से जानते हैं जैसे -</span><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #9900ff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">देहली-ए कुहना</span><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, </span><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #9900ff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">सिरी</span><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, </span><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #9900ff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">जहानपनाह</span><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, </span><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #9900ff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">तुगलकाबाद</span><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> और </span><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #9900ff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">फिरोज शाह कोटला।</span></p><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: blue; font-size: 15pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">4.Finding Out about the Delhi Sultans</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">4. दिल्ली सुल्तानों के बारे में पता लगाना</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">At the times of </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Delhi sultanate</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, the official language was </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">persian</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Inscriptions, coins</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> and </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">architecture</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> provide a lot of information written in this language. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #ff9900; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Histories were pronounced as tarikh (singular)/tawarikh (plural)( supposed if there is one incidence to write that is called tarikh, if there are multiple incidences to write called tawarikh). The writers of these tawarikh were learned men: secretaries, administrators, poets and courtiers, who both recounted events and advised rulers on governance, emphasising the importance of justice in rule.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">दिल्ली सल्तनत के समय राजभाषा </span><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">फारसी</span><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> थी। </span><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">शिलालेख, सिक्के और वास्तुकला</span><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> इस भाषा में लिखी गई बहुत सारी जानकारी प्रदान करते हैं।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #ff9900; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">इतिहास को तारिख (एकवचन) / तवारीख (बहुवचन) के रूप में उच्चारित किया गया था, इन तवारीख के लेखक विद्वान पुरुष थे: सचिव, प्रशासक, कवि और दरबारी, जिन्होंने दोनों घटनाओं को सुनाया और शासकों को शासन पर सलाह दी, न्यायपूर्ण शासन के महत्व पर जोर दिया।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">5. Following are the details how tawarikh had been written:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(1) the authors of tawarikh lived in cities (mainly Delhi) and hardly ever in villages. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(2) They often wrote their histories for Sultans in the hope of rich rewards.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(3) These authors advise rulers to maintain good social order on the basis of birthright and gender distinctions, so they could write good records of them. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">5. तवारीख कैसे लिखी गई, इसका विवरण निम्नलिखित है:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(१) तवारीख के लेखक शहरों (मुख्य रूप से दिल्ली) में रहते थे और शायद ही कभी गाँवों में।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(२) वे अक्सर समृद्ध पुरस्कारों की आशा में सुल्तानों के लिए अपना इतिहास लिखते थे।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(३) ये लेखक शासकों को जन्मसिद्ध अधिकार और लिंग भेद के आधार पर अच्छी सामाजिक व्यवस्था बनाए रखने की सलाह देते हैं, ताकि वे उनके अच्छे रिकॉर्ड लिख सकें।</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">7. In 1236</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Raziyya</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> became the </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">sultan of Delhi</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, but she didn't rule for long due to her father.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: #d9ead3; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">-The chronicler of the age, Minhaj-i Siraj, although she was more able and qualified than all her brothers. But her father was not comfortable at having a queen as ruler. Nor were the nobles happy at her attempts to rule independently. She was removed from the throne in 1240.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">7. 1236 में, रज़िया दिल्ली का सुल्तान बन गया, लेकिन उसने अपने पिता - उम्र के इतिहासकार मिन्हाज-ए सिराज के कारण लंबे समय तक शासन नहीं किया, हालांकि वह अपने सभी भाइयों की तुलना में अधिक सक्षम और योग्य थी। लेकिन वह एक रानी को शासक के रूप में रखने में सहज नहीं था। न ही रईस स्वतंत्र रूप से शासन करने के उसके प्रयासों से खुश थे। उन्हें 1240 में सिंहासन से हटा दिया गया था।</span></p><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">9. From Garrison Town</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> to Empire: The </span><span style="color: blue; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Expansion of the Delhi Sultanate</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Earlier </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">sultanates of Delhi</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> rarely controlled and acquired land at the outskirts of </span><span style="color: #9900ff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Delhi</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, due to limited resources availability. therefore dependent upon </span><span style="color: #9900ff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">trade</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, </span><span style="color: #9900ff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">tribute</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> or </span><span style="color: #9900ff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">plunder</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> for supplies.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Controlling garrison towns in distant </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bengal</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> and </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Sind</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> from Delhi was extremely difficult. Rebellion, war, even bad weather could snap fragile communication routes.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #9900ff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">9. दिल्ली</span><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> की पहले </span><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">सल्तनतों</span><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> को सीमित संसाधनों के कारण दिल्ली के बाहरी इलाके में शायद ही कभी नियंत्रण किया और भूमि का अधिग्रहण किया। इसलिए आपूर्ति के लिए व्यापार, श्रद्धांजलि या लूट पर निर्भर। </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">दिल्ली से दूर बंगाल और सिंध में गैरीसन शहरों को नियंत्रित करना बेहद मुश्किल था। विद्रोह, युद्ध, यहां तक कि खराब मौसम भी नाजुक संचार मार्गों को तोड़ सकता है।</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">10. Delhi’s authority</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> was also challenged by </span><span style="color: #9900ff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Mongol invasions</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> from </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Afghanistan</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> and by </span><span style="color: #9900ff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">governors</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> who rebelled at any sign of the Sultan’s weakness. The Sultanate barely survived these challenges. Its consolidation occurred during the reign of </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ghiyasuddin Balban</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> and further expansion under </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Alauddin Khalji</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> and </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Muhammad Tughluq.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">10. दिल्ली के अधिकार को </span><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">अफगानिस्तान</span><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> से </span><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">मंगोल आक्रमणों </span><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">और </span><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #9900ff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">सुल्तान की कमजोरी के संकेत पर</span><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> विद्रोह करने वाले </span><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">राज्यपालों</span><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> द्वारा भी चुनौती दी गई थी। </span><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #9900ff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">सल्तनत</span><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> मुश्किल से इन चुनौतियों से बच पाई। इसका सुदृढ़ीकरण </span><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #9900ff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">गयासुद्दीन बलबन</span><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> के शासनकाल और </span><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #9900ff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">अलाउद्दीन खिलजी</span><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> और </span><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #9900ff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">मुहम्मद तुगलक</span><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> के अधीन आगे विस्तार के दौरान हुआ।</span></p><br /><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 245px; overflow: hidden; width: 259px;"><img height="245" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/ZWGdtCpDwEfMgyCOEF9SXmpYiFf4WNo2CjIGlqLJkF5tHdfkeJgaJR7b8tQRnxXDsmb-56A5Dd3Vty_0cnWhLR-iMaosE7AAlhZwszso6Ejk-Wqies76eHqy59NNE_cVotG2J8j2GpBiddweCsDvv8D3PgwtO3amo0JxYTkEA6ky9f9iQQGaDyR2" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="259" /></span><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 17pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">11 Phases of expansion:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">11. विस्तार के चरण:</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Phase 1:</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Initially </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">internal frontiers</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> of the sultanate take control and consolidate the hinterland( it is the area outside of their rules area or line) of their </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Garrison Towns</span><span style="background-color: #d9ead3; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(</span><span style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Garrison towns are called for any town that has a military base nearby)</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">For this cleared the forest in the </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ganga-Yamuna doab</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">.</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">They gathered all hunters for their area safety and expelled all forest dwellers or </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">pastoralists</span><span style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(The definition of a pastoralist is a person who herds livestock, often as a nomadic wanderer without a set farm area. An example of a pastoralist is someone who herds sheep a nomadic herder).</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #ff9900; color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">चरण 1</span><span style="background-color: #ff9900; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">:</span><span style="background-color: #ff9900; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> शुरू में </span><span style="background-color: #ff9900; color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">सल्तनत </span><span style="background-color: #ff9900; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">की आंतरिक सीमाएँ अपने </span><span style="background-color: #ff9900; color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">गैरीसन टाउन</span><span style="background-color: #ff9900; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> (गैरीसन टाउन किसी भी शहर के लिए एक सामान्य अभिव्यक्ति है जिसके पास एक सैन्य अड्डा है) के भीतरी इलाकों को नियंत्रित और समेकित करता है, इसके लिए गंगा-यमुना दोआब में जंगल साफ हो गया। </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #dd7e6b; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">उन्होंने अपने क्षेत्र की सुरक्षा के लिए सभी शिकारियों को इकट्ठा किया और सभी वनवासियों या चरवाहों को निष्कासित कर दिया। खानाबदोश चरवाहा)। </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">12.They gave these lands to peasants and encouraged agriculture. New fortresses, garrison towns were established to protect trade routes and to promote regional trade.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">12.उन्होंने इन जमीनों को किसानों को दे दिया और कृषि को प्रोत्साहित किया। व्यापार मार्गों की रक्षा और क्षेत्रीय व्यापार को बढ़ावा देने के लिए नए किले, गैरीसन कस्बों और कस्बों की स्थापना की गई।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">13.Phase 2: Now in second phase external armies of Alauddin Khalji and culminated with Muhammad Tughluq marched toward southern region of subcontinent. In their campaigns, Sultanate armies captured elephants, horses and slaves and carried away precious metals.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">13.चरण 2: अब दूसरे चरण में अलाउद्दीन खिलजी की बाहरी सेनाएं और मुहम्मद तुगलक के साथ परिणति उपमहाद्वीप के दक्षिणी क्षेत्र की ओर बढ़ीं। अपने अभियानों में, सल्तनत सेनाओं ने हाथियों, घोड़ों और दासों को पकड़ लिया और कीमती धातुओं को ले गए।</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">14. Phase 3: At the end of of Muhammad Tughluq’s reign, 150 years, his army marched very large part of Indian subcontinent, they captured various new cities and fought wars.The Sultanate collected taxes from the peasantry and dispensed justice in its realm.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">14. चरण 3: मुहम्मद तुगलक के 150 वर्षों के शासनकाल के अंत में, उनकी सेना ने भारतीय उपमहाद्वीप के बहुत बड़े हिस्से पर चढ़ाई की, उन्होंने विभिन्न नए शहरों पर कब्जा कर लिया और युद्ध लड़े। सल्तनत ने किसानों से कर एकत्र किया और अपने दायरे में न्याय किया।</span></p><br /><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 216px; overflow: hidden; width: 289px;"><img height="216" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/XMX9oryUpeggr_jzJ-cUx8dXJTorAxoosJsrJl1_W-srvywEG6vZVLVh4Ze9qqyrIJ9zhEH4jCtDSawNm9mEuJaq9Vro3sCka8jEk0E5HmB9oMYCDWz6Z7_1Kdg8dinBXRLNgbtZCyceV8nvxOGYfH-54Vzor3LtNOSsUXALslwNLVvUZtcPjqmd" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="289" /></span><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span></p><div><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15.3333px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Quwwat al-Islam mosque </span></div><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #5f6368; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><br /><br /><br /><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 216px; overflow: hidden; width: 289px;"><img height="216" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/REk_nklolDKC7rM3kUih3C7aAjExwQ8PRWgSe5GE-_GHZJPS-tjBwZVybFqxlw0nSpVICZKxEUlRsinjb7hBxRE6fCAse-8mLgfihDisRYPuUawUxWuyGlRAn6bncKew6o68YjStDxZuUvc_tS29rFR_x9l5hNOiq6TdfeTr4FCRQBj37uL7wDep" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="289" /></span><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">15.A Closer Look: Administration and Consolidation under the Khaljis and Tughlaqs</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">15.एक नज़दीकी नज़र: खिलजी और तुगलक के अधीन प्रशासन और चकबंदी</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Now to run these kingdoms and consolidations, rulers required reliable governors and administrators. Rather than appointing aristocrats and landed chieftains as governors, the early Delhi Sultans, especially Iltutmish, favoured their special slaves purchased for military service, called bandagan in Persia, to govern or administer these areas.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">अब इन राज्यों और चकबंदी को चलाने के लिए, शासकों को विश्वसनीय राज्यपालों और प्रशासकों की आवश्यकता थी। अभिजात और जमींदार सरदारों को राज्यपालों के रूप में नियुक्त करने के बजाय, प्रारंभिक दिल्ली सुल्तानों, विशेष रूप से इल्तुतमिश ने सैन्य सेवा के लिए खरीदे गए अपने विशेष दासों का समर्थन किया, जिन्हें फारसी में बंदगन कहा जाता है।</span></p><br /><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 226px; overflow: hidden; width: 161px;"><img height="226" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/uUGjtbGZPvZ0lehO6Fb1mGpX6ee1p-TtNSlrzbWhp_7LlY35_RCZAzs-3BlJvfyQYK1zNBLnCNII7Yz1e9TKbsJMwB1e_ro15mEFGLz5OnoyI3qxpTWL9Y5j4AB8-kOBi3EmCYKxd_RgKbg1ge7sEt4p92y3J4lUbs94SchfvE5AtA1BWOPpcm-3" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="161" /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">16. The Khaljis and Tughluqs continued to use bandagan and also raised people of humble birth, who were often their clients, to high political positions. These sultans trained them very well and assigned them very important and high positions in their political offices. Since these slaves were totally dependent upon their master, the Sultan could trust and rely upon them.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">16. खिलजी और तुगलक ने बंदगी का इस्तेमाल जारी रखा और विनम्र जन्म के लोगों को भी उठाया, जो अक्सर उनके ग्राहक थे, उच्च राजनीतिक पदों पर। इन सुल्तानों ने उन्हें बहुत अच्छी तरह से प्रशिक्षित किया और उन्हें अपने राजनीतिक कार्यालयों में बहुत महत्वपूर्ण और उच्च पद सौंपे। चूंकि ये गुलाम पूरी तरह से अपने मालिक पर निर्भर थे, इसलिए सुल्तान उन पर भरोसा कर सकता था और उन पर भरोसा कर सकता था।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">17. New sultan had his own servant. Due to all this system, the accession of a new monarch often saw conflict between the old and the new nobility, because of various loyal servants and their own heirs. Twarikh and elite class people often criticise this system because they appoint low and base born</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">17. नए सुल्तान का अपना नौकर था। इस सारी व्यवस्था के कारण, विभिन्न वफादार नौकरों और उनके अपने उत्तराधिकारियों के कारण, एक नए सम्राट के प्रवेश में अक्सर पुराने और नए कुलीनों के बीच संघर्ष देखा गया। त्वरिख और कुलीन वर्ग के लोग अक्सर इस व्यवस्था की आलोचना करते हैं क्योंकि वे निम्न और आधार पैदा करने वाले को नियुक्त करते हैं</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">18.The Khalji and Tughluq monarchs appointed military commanders as governors of territories of varying sizes.these commanders were called iqatar and the land holding or area they cover, were used to say iqta or muqtis. The duties of muqtis to maintain law and order as per their rules set by the ruler. In return for their services iqtar needs to collect taxes from their areas plus they need to give salaries to soldiers. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">18. खिलजी और तुगलक सम्राटों ने सैन्य कमांडरों को अलग-अलग आकार के क्षेत्रों के राज्यपालों के रूप में नियुक्त किया। इन कमांडरों को इकतर कहा जाता था और वे जिस भूमि या क्षेत्र को कवर करते थे, उसका उपयोग इक्ता या मुक्ती कहने के लिए किया जाता था। शासक द्वारा निर्धारित अपने नियमों के अनुसार कानून और व्यवस्था बनाए रखने के लिए मुक्तियों के कर्तव्य। उनकी सेवाओं के बदले में इकतर को अपने क्षेत्रों से कर एकत्र करने की आवश्यकता है और साथ ही उन्हें सैनिकों को वेतन देने की भी आवश्यकता है।</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">19. Workig conditions were very harsh and strict during reigns of Alauddin Khalji and Muhammad Tughluq, the policies were meant to control over these iqta was easy, if they were appointed for shorter period of time. An accountant was appointed to monitor the finances of iqtas and how they are disbursing the salaries of soldiers and they were only allowed to take taxes decided by the state.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">19. अलाउद्दीन खिलजी और मुहम्मद तुगलक के शासनकाल के दौरान काम करने की स्थिति बहुत कठोर और सख्त थी, नीतियां इस तरह से बनाई गई थीं, इन इक्ता पर नियंत्रण करना आसान था और अगर उन्हें कम समय के लिए नियुक्त किया गया था। इक्ता के वित्त की निगरानी के लिए एक लेखाकार नियुक्त किया गया था और वे सैनिकों के वेतन का भुगतान कैसे कर रहे हैं और उन्हें केवल राज्य द्वारा तय किए गए करों को लेने की अनुमति थी।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">20. Now Delhi sultanate has acquired lots of land in the outskirts or hinterland, they also take over big landlords or chieftains of these areas and their rights of collecting revenues. The Sultan’s administrators measured the land and kept careful accounts. Some of the old chieftains and landlords served the Sultanate as revenue collectors and assessors. There were three types of taxes: (1) on cultivation called kharaj and amounting to about 50 per cent of the peasant’s produce, (2) on cattle and (3) on houses. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">20. अब दिल्ली सल्तनत ने बाहरी इलाकों या भीतरी इलाकों में बहुत सारी जमीन हासिल कर ली है, वे इन क्षेत्रों के बड़े जमींदारों या सरदारों और राजस्व एकत्र करने के उनके अधिकारों पर भी कब्जा कर लेते हैं। सुल्तान के प्रशासकों ने भूमि को नापा और सावधानीपूर्वक लेखा-जोखा रखा। कुछ पुराने सरदारों और जमींदारों ने सल्तनत में राजस्व संग्रहकर्ता और मूल्यांकनकर्ता के रूप में सेवा की। तीन प्रकार के कर थे: (१) खराज नामक खेती पर और किसानों की उपज का लगभग ५० प्रतिशत, (२) मवेशियों पर और (३) घरों पर।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">21. Still most areas of the subcontinent were very difficult to control from Delhi for these sultans, like bangal from delhi,it became independent, after winning in the southern part.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">21. फिर भी उपमहाद्वीप के अधिकांश क्षेत्रों को इन सुल्तानों के लिए दिल्ली से नियंत्रित करना बहुत मुश्किल था, जैसे दिल्ली से बंगाल, दक्षिणी भाग में जीत के बाद, यह स्वतंत्र हो गया।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">22. Even in the Gangetic plain there were forested areas, where Sultanate forces could not penetrate. Local chieftains established their rule in these regions. Sometimes rulers like Alauddin Khalji and Muhammad Tughluq could force their control in these areas but only for a short duration. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">22. गंगा के मैदान में भी ऐसे वन क्षेत्र थे जिनमें सल्तनत की सेना प्रवेश नहीं कर सकती थी। इन क्षेत्रों में स्थानीय सरदारों ने अपना शासन स्थापित किया। कभी-कभी अलाउद्दीन खिलजी और मुहम्मद तुगलक जैसे शासक इन क्षेत्रों में अपना नियंत्रण स्थापित कर सकते थे लेकिन केवल थोड़े समय के लिए।</span></p><br /><br /><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 145px; overflow: hidden; width: 181px;"><img height="145" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/59qhPeNtK_k_zBTEfZ26fiEHHDvVvFvKijwOwwJ-zpU0sSuG2qKj6l2_mBNKWeyyDfaXXQYG3cPEmdYfyCxoIutEZ5rlvAf_wvIwJoqKqtf8ZgHG1B8JzLDTzfy81f8QpYfNbM1cCQAtYdlcVaaCjQCTwRjHaTRdW5wtt7VL9sHSgkuJxoozB6hq" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="181" /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">23. During the reign of Alauddin Khalji and in the early years of Muhammad Tughluq’s rule, Genghis Khan invaded Transoxiana in north-east Iran in 1219 and the Delhi Sultanate and these attacks were increased during their regin period. This forced them to mobilise a large standing army in Delhi which posed a huge administrative challenge.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">23. अलाउद्दीन खिलजी के शासनकाल के दौरान और मुहम्मद तुगलक के शासन के शुरुआती वर्षों में, चंगेज खान ने 1219 में उत्तर-पूर्वी ईरान और दिल्ली सल्तनत में ट्रान्सोक्सियाना पर आक्रमण किया और इन हमलों को उनके शासन काल के दौरान बढ़ा दिया गया। इसने उन्हें दिल्ली में एक बड़ी खड़ी सेना को लामबंद करने के लिए मजबूर किया, जिसने एक बड़ी प्रशासनिक चुनौती पेश की।</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">24. Muhammad Tughluq’s first time in history try to invade Mongol territory. Unlike Alauddin’s defensive measures, Muhammad Tughluq military were offensive against the Mongols. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">24. मुहम्मद तुगलक ने इतिहास में पहली बार मंगोल क्षेत्र पर आक्रमण करने का प्रयास किया। अलाउद्दीन के रक्षात्मक उपायों के विपरीत, मुहम्मद तुगलक ने मंगोलों के खिलाफ सैन्य आक्रमण किया।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">28.The Sultanate in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">28. पंद्रहवीं और सोलहवीं शताब्दी में सल्तनत</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">29. During the 15th century new states were established in this period. These were small but powerful and extremely well administered. After the Tughlaqs, the Sayyid and Lodhi dynasties ruled from Delhi and Agra until 1526. Sher Shah captured Delhi and established his own dynasty, but he ruled Delhi only for 15 years. His administration was extremely well established, he took certain points from Alauddin Khalji and improved it to establish his successful empire , infecting Akbar emperor and inculcating certain elements from his administration (1556-1605) when he consolidated the Mughal Empire.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">29.१५वीं शताब्दी के दौरान इस अवधि में स्थापित नए राज्य छोटे लेकिन शक्तिशाली और बेहद अच्छी तरह से प्रशासित थे। तुगलक के बाद, सैय्यद और लोधी राजवंशों ने १५२६ तक दिल्ली और आगरा पर शासन किया। शेर शाह ने दिल्ली पर कब्जा कर लिया और अपना राजवंश स्थापित किया, लेकिन उसने दिल्ली पर शासन किया। केवल 15 साल के लिए। उनका प्रशासन बहुत अच्छी तरह से स्थापित था, उन्होंने अलाउद्दीन खिलजी से कुछ बिंदु लिए और अपने सफल साम्राज्य को स्थापित करने के लिए इसमें सुधार किया, अकबर सम्राट को संक्रमित किया और अपने प्रशासन (1556-1605) से कुछ तत्वों को शामिल किया जब उन्होंने मुगल साम्राज्य को मजबूत किया।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1. Which ruler first established his or her capital at Delhi?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ans-Delhi first became the capital
of a kingdom under the Tomara Rajputs, who were
defeated in the middle of the twelfth century by the
Chauhans (also referred to as Chahamanas) of Ajmer. It
was under the Tomaras and Chauhans that Delhi
became an important commercial centre.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2. What was the language of administration under the
Delhi Sultans?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ans- Persian was the language of administration under the Delhi Sultans.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></p><pre class="tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta" data-placeholder="Translation" dir="ltr" id="tw-target-text" style="border: none; font-family: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin-bottom: -2px; margin-top: -2px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0.14em 2px 0px; position: relative; resize: none; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: pre-wrap; width: 270px;"><span class="Y2IQFc" lang="hi" style="background-color: white;">1. किस शासक ने सबसे पहले अपनी राजधानी दिल्ली में स्थापित की?
Ans-दिल्ली सबसे पहले राजधानी बनी
तोमर राजपूतों के अधीन एक राज्य का, जो थे
बारहवीं शताब्दी के मध्य में द्वारा पराजित
अजमेर के चौहान (जिन्हें चाहमान भी कहा जाता है)। यह
तोमरस और चौहानों के अधीन था कि दिल्ली
एक महत्वपूर्ण व्यापारिक केंद्र बन गया।
2. के अधीन प्रशासन की भाषा क्या थी ?
दिल्ली सुल्तान?
उत्तर- दिल्ली सुल्तानों के अधीन प्रशासन की भाषा फारसी थी।</span></pre><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3. In whose reign did the Sultanate reach its farthest
extent?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ans- The Delhi Sultans sultanate reached till Bengal and
Sind.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">4. From which country did Ibn Battuta travel to India?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ans-Ibn Battuta, a fourteenth-century traveler from Morocco,
Africa.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></span></p><pre class="tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta" data-placeholder="Translation" dir="ltr" id="tw-target-text" style="border: none; font-family: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin-bottom: -2px; margin-top: -2px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0.14em 2px 0px; position: relative; resize: none; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: pre-wrap; width: 270px;"><span class="Y2IQFc" lang="hi" style="background-color: white;">3. सल्तनत किसके शासन काल में अपने सबसे दूर तक पहुँची थी?
क्षेत्र?
उत्तर- दिल्ली सुल्तानों की सल्तनत बंगाल तक पहुँची और
सिंध।
4. इब्नबतूता किस देश से भारत आया था?
उत्तर-इब्न बतूता, मोरक्को का चौदहवीं शताब्दी का यात्री,
अफ्रीका।</span></pre><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">5. According to the “Circle of Justice”, why was it</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">important for military commanders to keep the
interests of the peasantry in mind?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">6. What is meant by the “internal” and “external” frontiers</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">of the Sultanate?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ans- the internal frontier-of the Sultanate aimed at consolidating the hinterlands</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">of the garrison towns. During these campaigns forests
were cleared in the Ganga-Yamuna doab and hunter-gatherers and pastoralists expelled from their habitat.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial;">These lands were given to peasants and agriculture was
encouraged. New fortresses and towns were established
to protect trade routes and to promote regional trade.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The external frontier of the Sultanate were military expeditions into
southern India started during the reign of Alauddin
Khalji and culminated with Muhammad
Tughluq.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></span></p><pre class="tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta" data-placeholder="Translation" dir="ltr" id="tw-target-text" style="border: none; font-family: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin-bottom: -2px; margin-top: -2px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0.14em 2px 0px; position: relative; resize: none; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: pre-wrap; width: 270px;"><span class="Y2IQFc" lang="hi" style="background-color: white;">5. "सर्किल ऑफ़ जस्टिस" के अनुसार, ऐसा क्यों था
सैन्य कमांडरों के लिए महत्वपूर्ण
किसानों के हितों को ध्यान में रखते हुए?
6. "आंतरिक" और "बाहरी" सीमाओं का क्या अर्थ है सल्तनत का?
Ans- सल्तनत की आंतरिक सीमा - जिसका उद्देश्य भीतरी इलाकों को मजबूत करना था
गैरीसन कस्बों के। इन अभियानों के दौरान वन
गंगा-यमुना दोआब में साफ हो गए और शिकारियों और चरवाहों को उनके आवास से निकाल दिया गया।
ये भूमि किसानों को दी जाती थी और कृषि को प्रोत्साहित किया जाता था। व्यापार मार्गों की रक्षा और क्षेत्रीय व्यापार को बढ़ावा देने के लिए नए किले और कस्बों की स्थापना की गई।
सल्तनत की बाहरी सीमा में सैन्य अभियान थे
दक्षिणी भारत की शुरुआत अलाउद्दीन के शासनकाल में हुई
खिलजी और मुहम्मद के साथ परिणति
तुगलक।</span></pre><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">7. What were the steps taken to ensure that muqtis</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">performed their duties? Why do you think they may
have wanted to defy the orders of the Sultans?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ans- . Accountants were appointed by the state to
check the amount of revenue collected by the muqtis.
Care was taken that the muqti collected only the taxes
prescribed by the state and that he kept the required
number of soldiers.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial;">They want to defy sultan's order because control over muqtis was most effective if their office
was not inheritable and if they were assigned iqtas for
a short period of time before being shifted.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial;">8. What was the impact of the Mongol invasions on the
Delhi Sultanate?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial;">Ans- The Mongols under Genghis Khan invaded
Transoxiana in north-east Iran in 1219 and the Delhi
Sultanate faced their onslaught soon after.. This forced the two rulers
to mobilise a large standing army in Delhi which posed
a huge administrative challenge.f Muhammad Tughluq’s failures we
sometimes forget that for the first time in the history of the
Sultanate, a Delhi Sultan planned a campaign to capture
Mongol territory. Unlike Alauddin’s defensive measures,
Muhammad Tughluq’s measures were conceived as a
part of a military offensive against the Mongols. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial;"><br /></span></p><pre class="tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta" data-placeholder="Translation" dir="ltr" id="tw-target-text" style="border: none; font-family: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin-bottom: -2px; margin-top: -2px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0.14em 2px 0px; position: relative; resize: none; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: pre-wrap; width: 270px;"><span class="Y2IQFc" lang="hi" style="background-color: white;">7. मुक्तियों को सुनिश्चित करने के लिए क्या कदम उठाए गए? अपने कर्तव्यों का पालन किया? आपको क्या लगता है कि वे क्यों सोचते हैं
सुल्तानों के आदेशों की अवहेलना करना चाहते थे?
उत्तर- . लेखाकारों को राज्य द्वारा नियुक्त किया गया था
मुक्तियों द्वारा एकत्रित राजस्व की राशि की जाँच करें।
इस बात का ध्यान रखा जाता था कि मुक्ति केवल कर वसूल करे
राज्य द्वारा निर्धारित और वह आवश्यक रखता है सैनिकों की संख्या।
वे सुल्तान के आदेश की अवहेलना करना चाहते थे क्योंकि मुक्तियों पर नियंत्रण सबसे प्रभावी था यदि उनका कार्यालय विरासत में नहीं था और यदि उन्हें स्थानांतरित होने से पहले थोड़े समय के लिए इक्ता सौंपा गया था।
8. मंगोल आक्रमणों का दिल्ली सल्तनत पर क्या प्रभाव पड़ा?
उत्तर- चंगेज खान के अधीन मंगोलों ने 1219 में उत्तर-पूर्वी ईरान में ट्रान्सोक्सियाना पर आक्रमण किया और दिल्ली सल्तनत को जल्द ही उनके हमले का सामना करना पड़ा। इसने दोनों शासकों को दिल्ली में एक बड़ी स्थायी सेना जुटाने के लिए मजबूर किया, जिसने एक बड़ी प्रशासनिक चुनौती पेश की। असफलताओं को हम कभी-कभी भूल जाते हैं कि सल्तनत के इतिहास में पहली बार दिल्ली के किसी सुल्तान ने मंगोल क्षेत्र पर कब्जा करने के लिए एक अभियान की योजना बनाई। अलाउद्दीन के रक्षात्मक उपायों के विपरीत, मुहम्मद तुगलक के उपायों की कल्पना मंगोलों के खिलाफ एक सैन्य हमले के हिस्से<span style="font-size: 28px;"> </span>के रूप में की गई थी।</span></pre><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial;">9. Do you think the authors of tawarikh would provide
information about the lives of ordinary men and
women?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial;">Ans- No,the authors of tawarikh would provide information about the lives of ordinary men and women because tawarikh were learned men:
secretaries, administrators, poets and courtiers, who
both recounted events and advised rulers on
governance, emphasizing the importance of just rule. The
authors of tawarikh lived in cities (mainly Delhi) and
hardly ever in villages. (2) They often wrote their histories
for Sultans in the hope of rich rewards. (3) These authors
advised rulers on the need to preserve an “ideal” social
order based on birthright birthright and birthright gender distinctions. gender distinctions
Their ideas were not shared by everybody.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">10. Raziyya Sultan was unique in the history of the Delhi</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Sultanate. Do you think women leaders are accepted
more readily today?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ans-</span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Raziyya Sultan was unique in the history of the Delhi</span></span></p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Sultanate. We can say that the women leader's position is better than past but still it is not good as it has to be, still the count of women leader's against men leader is less somewhere 33%. </span></span><div><span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial;">11. Why were the Delhi Sultans interested in cutting down
forests? Does deforestation occur for the same reasons
today?</span></div><div><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial;"><span>Ans- </span>the Sultanate aimed at consolidating the hinterlands
of the garrison towns. During these campaigns forests
were cleared in the Ganga-Yamuna doab and hunter gatherers and pastoralists expelled from their habitat. These lands were given to peasants and agriculture was
encouraged. New fortresses and towns were established
to protect trade routes and to promote regional trade.</span></div><div><span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Yes the reason is same still the reason is same urbanization and increase the area of agriculture.</span><br /></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></span></p><pre class="tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta" data-placeholder="Translation" dir="ltr" id="tw-target-text" style="border: none; font-family: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin-bottom: -2px; margin-top: -2px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0.14em 2px 0px; position: relative; resize: none; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: pre-wrap; width: 270px;"><span class="Y2IQFc" lang="hi" style="background-color: white;">9. क्या आपको लगता है कि तवारीख के लेखक सामान्य पुरुषों और महिलाओं के जीवन के बारे में जानकारी प्रदान करेंगे?
उत्तर- नहीं, तवारीख के लेखक सामान्य पुरुषों और महिलाओं के जीवन के बारे में जानकारी प्रदान करते थे क्योंकि तवारीख विद्वान पुरुष थे: सचिव, प्रशासक, कवि और दरबारी, जो दोनों घटनाओं का वर्णन करते थे और शासकों को शासन पर सलाह देते थे, न्यायपूर्ण शासन के महत्व पर जोर देते थे। तवारीख के लेखक शहरों (मुख्य रूप से दिल्ली) में रहते थे और शायद ही कभी गाँवों में रहते थे। (2) वे अक्सर समृद्ध पुरस्कारों की आशा में सुल्तानों के लिए अपना इतिहास लिखते थे। (3) इन लेखकों ने शासकों को जन्मसिद्ध अधिकार और जन्मसिद्ध लिंग भेद के आधार पर एक "आदर्श" सामाजिक व्यवस्था को संरक्षित करने की आवश्यकता पर सलाह दी। लिंग भेद उनके विचार सभी के द्वारा साझा नहीं किए गए थे।
10. रजिया सुल्तान दिल्ली के इतिहास में अद्वितीय था |सल्तनत। क्या आपको लगता है कि महिला नेताओं को स्वीकार किया जाता है?
आज अधिक आसानी से?
उत्तर- रजिया सुल्तान दिल्ली के इतिहास में अद्वितीय था
सल्तनत। हम कह सकते हैं कि महिला नेता की स्थिति अतीत की तुलना में बेहतर है लेकिन फिर भी यह उतना अच्छा नहीं है जितना होना चाहिए, फिर भी महिला नेता के खिलाफ पुरुष नेता की गिनती कहीं कम 33 प्रतिशत है।
11. दिल्ली के सुल्तानों की दिलचस्पी जंगलों को काटने में क्यों थी? क्या आज वनों की कटाई उन्हीं कारणों से होती है?
उत्तर- सल्तनत का उद्देश्य गैरीसन कस्बों के भीतरी इलाकों को मजबूत करना था। इन अभियानों के दौरान गंगा-यमुना दोआब में जंगलों को साफ किया गया और शिकारियों और चरवाहों को उनके आवास से निष्कासित कर दिया गया। ये भूमि किसानों को दी जाती थी और कृषि को प्रोत्साहित किया जाता था। व्यापार मार्गों की रक्षा और क्षेत्रीय व्यापार को बढ़ावा देने के लिए नए किले और कस्बों की स्थापना की गई।
हाँ कारण वही है फिर भी कारण वही शहरीकरण है और कृषि के क्षेत्र में वृद्धि है।</span></pre><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></p><br /></span></div>Ynothttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17573515841561335765noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2705589226733100549.post-57859905010135751022022-09-04T23:56:00.006-07:002022-09-19T04:48:28.562-07:00NCERT Class 7 Civics Social Science Chapter 3 How the State Government Works,एनसीईआरटी कक्षा 7 नागरिक शास्त्र सामाजिक विज्ञान अध्याय 3 राज्य सरकार कैसे काम करती है<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-right: -2.043307086614135pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">How the State Government Works</span></p><p><b id="docs-internal-guid-d5ecb22a-7fff-280d-8d8d-72edbe903a3f" style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-right: -2.043307086614135pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Who is MLA?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #980000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs) are elected by the people</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">. They then become members of the legislative assembly and also form the government.In this way we say that the MLAs represent people.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">विधायक कौन है?</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #980000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">विधान सभा के सदस्य (विधायक) जनता द्वारा चुने जाते हैं</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">। </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #980000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">फिर वे विधान सभा के सदस्य बनते हैं और सरकार भी बनाते हैं। इस तरह हम कहते हैं कि विधायक लोगों का प्रतिनिधित्व करते हैं।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Let's understand by a state example</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Himachal Pradesh is divided into 68 assembly constituencies. From each constituency, the people elect one representative who then becomes a Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA). You would have noticed that people stand for elections in the name of different parties. These MLAs, therefore, belong to different political parties.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #980000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Every state is divided in various areas called constituencies.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">आइए एक राज्य के उदाहरण से समझते हैं:</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #980000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">हिमाचल प्रदेश को 68 विधानसभा क्षेत्रों में बांटा गया है। प्रत्येक निर्वाचन क्षेत्र से, लोग एक प्रतिनिधि का चुनाव करते हैं जो तब विधान सभा (एमएलए) का सदस्य बन जाता है। आपने देखा होगा कि लोग अलग-अलग पार्टियों के नाम पर चुनाव के लिए खड़े होते हैं। इसलिए ये विधायक अलग-अलग राजनीतिक दलों से ताल्लुक रखते हैं।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #980000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">प्रत्येक राज्य को विभिन्न क्षेत्रों में विभाजित किया जाता है जिन्हें निर्वाचन क्षेत्र कहा जाता है।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> Election result of 2017 in Himachal </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> Pradesh</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /></b></p><div align="left" dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 0pt;"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;"><colgroup><col width="184"></col><col width="125"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr style="height: 24.25pt;"><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid #000000 0.99609pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.99609pt; border-right: solid #000000 0.99609pt; border-top: solid #000000 0.99609pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Results of the Assembly Elections in Himachal Pradesh in 2017</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height: 24.25pt;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 0.99609pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.99609pt; border-right: solid #000000 0.99609pt; border-top: solid #000000 0.99609pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Political party</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 0.99609pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.99609pt; border-right: solid #000000 0.99609pt; border-top: solid #000000 0.99609pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Number of MLAs elected</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height: 24.25pt;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 0.99609pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.99609pt; border-right: solid #000000 0.99609pt; border-top: solid #000000 0.99609pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 0.99609pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.99609pt; border-right: solid #000000 0.99609pt; border-top: solid #000000 0.99609pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">44</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height: 24.25pt;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 0.99609pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.99609pt; border-right: solid #000000 0.99609pt; border-top: solid #000000 0.99609pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Indian National Congress (INC)</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 0.99609pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.99609pt; border-right: solid #000000 0.99609pt; border-top: solid #000000 0.99609pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">21</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height: 37.75pt;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 0.99609pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.99609pt; border-right: solid #000000 0.99609pt; border-top: solid #000000 0.99609pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Independents (who don’t belong to any party)</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 0.99609pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.99609pt; border-right: solid #000000 0.99609pt; border-top: solid #000000 0.99609pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">2</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height: 24.25pt;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 0.99609pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.99609pt; border-right: solid #000000 0.99609pt; border-top: solid #000000 0.99609pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Communist Party of India (Marxist)</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 0.99609pt; border-left: solid #000000 0.99609pt; border-right: solid #000000 0.99609pt; border-top: solid #000000 0.99609pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">1</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Chief minister</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">- After the elections,</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #980000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> the MLAs belonging to the ruling party will elect their leader who will become the chief minister.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">The chief minister then selects other people as ministers. After the elections, it is the Governor of the state who appoints the chief minister and other ministers.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Like the chief minister, various departments run by other various ministers. A Legislative Assembly is a place where all the MLAs, whether from the ruling party or from the opposition meet to discuss various things. Hence, some MLAs have dual responsibilities: one as an MLA and the other as a minister. </span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">मुख्यमंत्री</span><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">- </span><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #980000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">चुनाव के बाद, सत्ताधारी दल के विधायक अपने नेता का चुनाव करेंगे जो मुख्यमंत्री बनेगा। मुख्यमंत्री फिर अन्य लोगों को मंत्रियों के रूप में चुनता है। चुनावों के बाद, यह राज्य का राज्यपाल होता है जो मुख्यमंत्री और अन्य मंत्रियों की नियुक्ति करता है।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #980000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">मुख्यमंत्री की तरह, विभिन्न विभाग अन्य विभिन्न मंत्रियों द्वारा चलाए जाते हैं। विधान सभा एक ऐसा स्थान है जहाँ सभी विधायक, चाहे सत्ता पक्ष के हों या विपक्ष के, विभिन्न बातों पर चर्चा करने के लिए मिलते हैं। इसलिए, कुछ विधायकों की दोहरी जिम्मेदारी होती है: एक विधायक के रूप में और दूसरा मंत्री के रूप में।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Working of the government </span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">The Legislative Assembly is not the only place where opinions are expressed about the work of the government and action is demanded. There are various ways how people and ministers can take actions in democracy.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">The chief minister and other ministers, if they have to take steps or action for any problem or work. They need to go through various departments like the Public Works Department, the Agriculture Department, the Health Department, the Education Department and so on, to complete certain scheme implementations. </span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Secondly, governments in power need to give answers to all questions asked by the opposition on the behalf of the public,plus the media. These answers have to be satisfying for all opposition, media and public. These answers are given by government in assembly </span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Third , the government also makes laws on certain issues in the Legislative Assembly of each state. The various government departments then implement these laws. Laws for the entire country are made in the Parliament.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">सरकार का कार्य</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #980000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">केवल विधान सभा ही ऐसी जगह नहीं है जहां सरकार के कार्यों के बारे में राय व्यक्त की जाती है और कार्रवाई की मांग की जाती है। ऐसे कई तरीके हैं जिनसे लोग और मंत्री लोकतंत्र में कार्रवाई कर सकते हैं।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #980000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">मुख्यमंत्री और अन्य मंत्रियों को अगर किसी समस्या या काम के लिए कदम उठाना है या कार्रवाई करनी है। उन्हें कुछ योजनाओं के कार्यान्वयन को पूरा करने के लिए लोक निर्माण विभाग, कृषि विभाग, स्वास्थ्य विभाग, शिक्षा विभाग आदि जैसे विभिन्न विभागों एक साथ लेकर काम करना पड़ता है।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #980000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">दूसरा कार्य, सत्ता में बैठी सरकारों को जनता की ओर से विपक्ष द्वारा पूछे गए सभी सवालों के जवाब देने पड़ते हैं। साथ ही मीडिया को भी। ये जवाब सभी विपक्ष, मीडिया और जनता के लिए संतोषजनक होने चाहिए। ये जवाब सरकार विधानसभा में देती है।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #980000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">तीसरा, सरकार प्रत्येक राज्य की विधान सभा में कुछ मुद्दों पर कानून भी बनाती है। विभिन्न सरकारी विभाग तब इन कानूनों को लागू करते हैं। पूरे देश के लिए कानून संसद में बनते हैं।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">In the end, democracy is the system where the people elect their representatives as Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs) and, thus, it is the people who have the main authority. The ruling party members then form the government and some members are appointed ministers.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #980000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">अंत में, लोकतंत्र वह प्रणाली है जहां लोग अपने प्रतिनिधियों को विधान सभा (विधायक) के सदस्य के रूप में चुनते हैं और इस प्रकार, यह मुख्य अधिकार वाले लोग हैं। सत्ताधारी दल के सदस्य तब सरकार बनाते हैं और कुछ सदस्यों को मंत्री नियुक्त किया जाता है।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">1.Use the terms ‘constituency’ and ‘represent’ to explain who an MLA is and how is the person elected?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Ans- Every state in India has a Legislative Assembly. Each state is divided into different areas or constituencies. example- the state of Himachal Pradesh is divided into 68 assembly constituencies. From each constituency, the people elect one representative who then becomes a Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA).</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: black; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">1. विधायक कौन है और व्यक्ति कैसे चुना जाता है, यह समझाने के लिए 'निर्वाचन क्षेत्र' और 'प्रतिनिधित्व' शब्दों का प्रयोग करें?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3714285714285712; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: black; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">उत्तर- भारत के प्रत्येक राज्य में एक विधान सभा होती है। प्रत्येक राज्य को अलग-अलग क्षेत्रों या निर्वाचन क्षेत्रों में विभाजित किया गया है। उदाहरण- हिमाचल प्रदेश राज्य को 68 विधानसभा क्षेत्रों में विभाजित किया गया है। प्रत्येक निर्वाचन क्षेत्र से, लोग एक प्रतिनिधि का चुनाव करते हैं जो तब विधान सभा (एमएलए) का सदस्य बन जाता है।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">2.How did some MLAs become Ministers? Explain.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Ans- A political party whose MLAs have won more than half the number of constituencies in a state can be said to be in a majority.After the elections, the MLAs belonging to the ruling party will elect their leader who will become the chief minister and than The chief minister then selects other MLA’s as ministers. Hence, some MLAs have dual responsibilities: one as an MLA and the other as a minister.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: black; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">2. कुछ विधायक मंत्री कैसे बने? समझाना।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3714285714285712; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: black; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">उत्तर- एक राजनीतिक दल जिसके विधायकों ने राज्य में आधे से अधिक निर्वाचन क्षेत्रों में जीत हासिल की है, उसे बहुमत में कहा जा सकता है। चुनाव के बाद, सत्ताधारी दल के विधायक अपने नेता का चुनाव करेंगे जो मुख्यमंत्री बनेगा और मुख्यमंत्री तब अन्य विधायकों को मंत्रियों के रूप में चुनता है। इसलिए, कुछ विधायकों की दोहरी जिम्मेदारी होती है: एक विधायक के रूप में और दूसरा मंत्री के रूप में।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">3.Why should decisions taken by the Chief Minister and other ministers be debated in the Legislative Assembly?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Ans- The decisions taken by the Chief Minister and other ministers are debated in the Legislative Assembly because India has democracy hence MLAs can express their opinions and ask questions related to the decision or give suggestions about what should be done by the government. Those who wish to, can respond to this. The minister then replies to the questions and tries to assure the Assembly that adequate steps are being taken.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">As MLA’s are representative of people, the chief minister has to consider MLA’s participation for making decisions. </span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">3.मुख्यमंत्री और अन्य मंत्रियों द्वारा लिए गए फैसलों पर विधानसभा में बहस क्यों होनी चाहिए?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">उत्तर- मुख्यमंत्री और अन्य मंत्रियों द्वारा लिए गए निर्णयों पर विधानसभा में बहस होती है क्योंकि भारत में लोकतंत्र है इसलिए विधायक अपनी राय व्यक्त कर सकते हैं और निर्णय से संबंधित प्रश्न पूछ सकते हैं या सुझाव दे सकते हैं कि सरकार को क्या करना चाहिए। जो लोग चाहें, वे इसका जवाब दे सकते हैं। मंत्री तब सवालों का जवाब देते हैं और विधानसभा को आश्वस्त करने की कोशिश करते हैं कि पर्याप्त कदम उठाए जा रहे हैं।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">चूंकि विधायक लोगों के प्रतिनिधि होते हैं, इसलिए मुख्यमंत्री को निर्णय लेने के लिए विधायक की भागीदारी पर विचार करना होता है।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">4.What was the problem in Patalpuram? What discussion/ action was taken by the following? Fill in the table.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Ans- Patalpuram facing severe water shortage and water supply once in three days. The District Hospital here is overflowing with patients – a large number of whom are children with acute diarrhoea.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Public meeting- here people decided that. The authorities take immediate action to bring the public health situation under control and the MLA must take the responsibility for this situation. </span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Legislative Assembly- there were debate about severe water shortage in the area, plus people are facing and suffering from epidemic due to poor water quality and sanitation, hospitals didn't have proper staff and facilities to handle epidemic, while Government said they have been working to clean all water resources and garbage plus they are also distributing ORS packets.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Press conference- The minister explained the steps the government had taken.During the next week</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Chief Minister- The chief minister and the minister for health visited Patalpuram district. They went to visit the families who had lost their relatives and also visited people in the hospitals. The government announced a compensation </span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">The chief minister also said that he thought the problem was not only one of sanitation but also of a lack of clean drinking water. He said that a high level enquiry committee will be asked to look into the needs of the district to provide sanitation facilities and would request the minister for Public Works to take care of the needs of proper water supply in the region.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">4. पातालपुरम में क्या समस्या थी? निम्नलिखित द्वारा क्या चर्चा/कार्रवाई की गई? तालिका में भरने।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">उत्तर- पातालपुरम तीन दिन में एक बार पानी की भीषण कमी और पानी की आपूर्ति का सामना कर रहा है। यहां का जिला अस्पताल रोगियों से भरा हुआ है - जिनमें बड़ी संख्या में तीव्र दस्त वाले बच्चे हैं।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">जनसभा- यहां लोगों ने तय किया कि। सार्वजनिक स्वास्थ्य की स्थिति को नियंत्रण में लाने के लिए अधिकारी तत्काल कार्रवाई करते हैं और विधायक को इस स्थिति की जिम्मेदारी लेनी चाहिए।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">विधान सभा- क्षेत्र में गंभीर पानी की कमी के बारे में बहस हुई, साथ ही लोग पानी की खराब गुणवत्ता और स्वच्छता के कारण महामारी का सामना कर रहे हैं और पीड़ित हैं, अस्पतालों में महामारी से निपटने के लिए उचित कर्मचारी और सुविधाएं नहीं थीं, जबकि सरकार ने कहा कि वे काम कर रहे हैं सभी जल संसाधनों और कचरे को साफ करने के लिए वे ओआरएस के पैकेट भी बांट रहे हैं।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">प्रेस कांफ्रेंस- मंत्री ने सरकार द्वारा उठाए गए कदमों के बारे में बताया।अगले सप्ताह के दौरान</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">मुख्यमंत्री- मुख्यमंत्री और स्वास्थ्य मंत्री ने पातालपुरम जिले का दौरा किया. वे उन परिवारों से मिलने गए जिन्होंने अपने रिश्तेदारों को खो दिया था और अस्पतालों में लोगों से मिलने भी गए थे। सरकार ने मुआवजे की घोषणा की</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">मुख्यमंत्री ने यह भी कहा कि उन्हें लगा कि समस्या केवल स्वच्छता की नहीं है, बल्कि स्वच्छ पेयजल की कमी की भी है। उन्होंने कहा कि जिले में स्वच्छता सुविधाएं उपलब्ध कराने के लिए एक उच्च स्तरीय जांच समिति से कहा जाएगा और वह लोक निर्माण मंत्री से क्षेत्र में उचित जलापूर्ति की जरूरतों का ध्यान रखने का अनुरोध करेगी.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">5.What is the difference between the work that MLAs do in the Assembly and the work done by government departments?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">And-MlA are representative of people so the work or decisions passed by the government in the legislative assembly, they have to do in their area or constituency plus they need to do coordination between government and people. These ministers are in charge of various departments of the government such as the health ministry. </span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">5.विधानसभा में विधायक जो कार्य करते हैं और सरकारी विभागों द्वारा किए गए कार्यों में क्या अंतर है?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">और-विधायक लोगों के प्रतिनिधि होते हैं इसलिए सरकार द्वारा विधान सभा में जो कार्य या निर्णय पारित किए जाते हैं, उन्हें अपने क्षेत्र या निर्वाचन क्षेत्र में करना होता है और साथ ही उन्हें सरकार और लोगों के बीच समन्वय करने की आवश्यकता होती है। ये मंत्री स्वास्थ्य मंत्रालय जैसे सरकार के विभिन्न विभागों के प्रभारी होते हैं।</span></p><p><br /></p>Ynothttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17573515841561335765noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2705589226733100549.post-1177573456410974602022-09-03T07:03:00.003-07:002022-09-22T23:21:38.838-07:00NCERT Class 9 English Beehive Chapter 4 A Truly Beautiful Mind,एनसीईआरटी कक्षा 9 अंग्रेजी मधुमक्खी का छत्ता अध्याय 4 वास्तव में सुंदर मन<p> <span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;">A truly beautiful mind </span></p><span id="docs-internal-guid-7e275ba6-7fff-a573-b9eb-5615652afd9c"><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">This chapter is dedicated to one of the most genius brains on this planet or synonym of genius was Elbert einstein.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Childhood of albert einstein:</span></p><br /><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Elbert Einstein was born on 14 March 1879 in the German city of Ulm. His mother thought he was abnormal due to his head size.</span></p></li></ul><br /><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Elbert didn't speak a word till the age of 2.5 years. He finally uttered the whole line at dinner and when his parents asked him why he didn’t say anything before he said he found it necessary because everything was not in order.</span></p></li></ul><br /><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">He didn't know how to play with fellow children and called him a boring brother, mostly younger children played with him.</span></p></li></ul><br /><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">He likes mechanical toys and games soo much, when his younger sister was born, he asked his parents why she didn't have wheels in her legs. </span></p></li></ul><br /><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">He also learnt violin at age of 6 because of his mother and became a gifted amateur violinist, maintaining this skill throughout his life. </span></p></li></ul><br /><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Einstein was really good at studies. He went to Munich high school wherein he scored very good marks in almost all subjects.</span></p></li></ul><br /><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">But he doesn't like the too strict atmosphere of his school and always had clashes with teachers due to all this he left school at the age of 15.</span></p></li></ul><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">वाकई एक खूबसूरत दिमाग</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">यह अध्याय इस ग्रह पर सबसे प्रतिभाशाली दिमागों में से एक को समर्पित है या जीनियस का पर्याय एल्बर्ट आइंस्टीन था।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">अल्बर्ट आइंस्टीन का बचपन:</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">एल्बर्ट आइंस्टीन का जन्म 14 मार्च 1879 को जर्मन शहर उल्म में हुआ था। उसकी माँ को लगा कि उसके सिर के आकार के कारण वह असामान्य है।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2.5 साल की उम्र तक एल्बर्ट ने एक शब्द भी नहीं बोला। उसने अंत में रात के खाने में पूरी लाइन बोल दी और जब उसके माता-पिता ने उससे पूछा कि उसने कुछ भी क्यों कहा, तो उसने कहा कि उसने इसे आवश्यक पाया क्योंकि सब कुछ क्रम में था।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">वह नहीं जानता था कि साथी बच्चों के साथ कैसे खेलना है और उसे एक उबाऊ भाई कहा, ज्यादातर छोटे बच्चे उसके साथ खेलते थे।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">उसे यांत्रिक खिलौने और खेल बहुत पसंद हैं, जब उसकी छोटी बहन का जन्म हुआ, तो उसने अपने माता-पिता से पूछा कि उसके पैरों में पहिए क्यों नहीं हैं।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">उन्होंने अपनी माँ की वजह से 6 साल की उम्र में वायलिन भी सीखा और जीवन भर इस कौशल को बनाए रखते हुए एक प्रतिभाशाली शौकिया वायलिन वादक बन गए।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">आइंस्टीन पढ़ाई में बहुत अच्छे थे। वे म्यूनिख हाई स्कूल गए जहाँ उन्होंने लगभग सभी विषयों में बहुत अच्छे अंक प्राप्त किए।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">लेकिन उन्हें अपने स्कूल का बहुत सख्त माहौल पसंद नहीं है और हमेशा शिक्षकों के साथ उनका झगड़ा होता था इस सब के कारण उन्होंने 15 साल की उम्र में स्कूल छोड़ दिया।</span></p><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Einstein’s studies and inventions:</span></p><br /><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Einstein got his wish to continue his education in German-speaking Switzerland, in a city which was more liberal than Munich. </span></p></li></ul><br /><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Einstein is amazingly brilliant in maths and also had an interest in physics. He also wanted to study at Zurich University.</span></p></li></ul><br /><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">At age of 21 in 1900 Einstein was graduated but unemployed. He gave private tuitions and worked as an assistant teacher.</span></p></li></ul><br /><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In 1902 Einstein started working as technical expert in the patent office in Bern. While he was supposed to be assessing other people’s inventions.</span></p></li></ul><br /><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In 1905 he gave the world famous Relativity theory which states if two things have started at the same time but with different speeds, when both things meet after some time. Time will be changed in watch. E=mc2</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In 1915 Einstein gave another theory of general relativity which provides details on gravity and he proved it right in 1919 by an eclipse of the sun and he proclaimed his work as a scientific revolution.</span></p></li></ul><br /><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Einstein got nobel prize for physics in 1921 and he was showered with honours and invitations from all over the world, and lauded by the press.</span></p></li></ul><br /><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Einstein fled to america due to emergances of Nazi in germany in 1933 to avoid facism, but he was afraid by using theories nazi would develop atom bomb.</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">आइंस्टीन के अध्ययन और आविष्कार:</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">आइंस्टीन को जर्मन भाषी स्विट्जरलैंड में अपनी शिक्षा जारी रखने की इच्छा हुई, एक शहर में जो म्यूनिख से अधिक उदार था।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">आइंस्टीन गणित में आश्चर्यजनक रूप से प्रतिभाशाली हैं और उनकी भौतिकी में भी रुचि थी। वह ज्यूरिख विश्वविद्यालय में भी पढ़ना चाहता था।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1900 में 21 साल की उम्र में आइंस्टीन स्नातक हुए लेकिन बेरोजगार थे। उन्होंने निजी ट्यूशन दिया और सहायक शिक्षक के रूप में काम किया।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1902 में आइंस्टीन ने बर्न में पेटेंट कार्यालय में तकनीकी विशेषज्ञ के रूप में काम करना शुरू किया। जबकि वह दूसरे लोगों के आविष्कारों का आकलन करने वाले थे।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1905 में उन्होंने विश्व प्रसिद्ध सापेक्षता सिद्धांत दिया जो बताता है कि क्या दो चीजें एक ही समय में शुरू हुई हैं लेकिन अलग-अलग गति से, जब दोनों चीजें कुछ समय बाद मिलती हैं। घड़ी में समय बदला जाएगा। ई = एमसी 2</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1915 में आइंस्टीन ने सामान्य सापेक्षता का एक और सिद्धांत दिया जो गुरुत्वाकर्षण पर विवरण प्रदान करता है और उन्होंने इसे 1919 में सूर्य के एक ग्रहण द्वारा सही साबित किया और उन्होंने अपने काम को एक वैज्ञानिक क्रांति के रूप में घोषित किया।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">आइंस्टीन को 1921 में भौतिकी के लिए नोबेल पुरस्कार मिला और उन्हें दुनिया भर से सम्मान और निमंत्रण मिले, और प्रेस द्वारा उनकी सराहना की गई।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">फासीवाद से बचने के लिए 1933 में जर्मनी में नाजी के उदय के कारण आइंस्टीन अमेरिका भाग गए, लेकिन उन्हें डर था कि नाजी परमाणु बम विकसित करेंगे</span></p><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Einstein's involvement in politics. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">As einstein was well aware and afraid of atom bomb explosion result he wrote to the American President, Franklin D. Roosevelt, on 2 August 1939, in which he warned: “A single bomb of this type . . . exploded in a port, might very well destroy the whole port together with some of the surrounding territory.”to the American President, Franklin D. Roosevelt, on 2 August 1939, in which he warned: “A single bomb of this type.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">But American developed the atom and bombed Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945, destruction was soo bad its deeply the ELBERT.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">After this Einstein wrote in public in massive but it didn't have any impact. Einstein got ever more involved in politics, agitating for an end to the arms buildup and using his popularity to campaign for peace and democracy.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Einstein died in 1955 at the age of 76, he was celebrated as a visionary and world citizen as much as a scientific genius.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Einstein's personal life</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Einstein fell in love with Mileva Maric, whom he found to be a “clever creature." This young Serb had come to Switzerland because the University in Zurich was one of the few in Europe where women could get degrees.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">They wrote love letters to each other mixing affection with science with tenderness. Wrote Einstein: “How happy and proud I shall be when we both have brought our work on relativity to a victorious conclusion."</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Einstein wanted to marry Mileva Maric after completing his studies, but her mother didn't like her. Mileva, who was three years older than her son, was too old for him. She was also l.. bothered by Mileva’s intelligence. “She is a book like you," his mother said.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">They finally got married in January in 1903 and had two sons but got divorced in 1919 due to constant conflicts. Einstein got married again in the same year with his cousin Elsa.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">राजनीति में आइंस्टीन की भागीदारी।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">जैसा कि आइंस्टीन अच्छी तरह से जानते थे और परमाणु बम विस्फोट के परिणाम से डरते थे, उन्होंने 2 अगस्त 1939 को अमेरिकी राष्ट्रपति फ्रैंकलिन डी रूजवेल्ट को लिखा, जिसमें उन्होंने चेतावनी दी: "इस प्रकार का एक भी बम। . . 2 अगस्त 1939 को अमेरिकी राष्ट्रपति फ्रैंकलिन डी. रूजवेल्ट को, जिसमें उन्होंने चेतावनी दी थी: "इस प्रकार का एक भी बम।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">लेकिन अमेरिकी ने परमाणु विकसित किया और अगस्त 1945 में हिरोशिमा और नागासाकी के जापानी शहरों पर बमबारी की, विनाश इतना बुरा था कि इसकी गहराई से ELBERT था।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">इसके बाद आइंस्टीन ने सार्वजनिक रूप से बड़े पैमाने पर लिखा लेकिन इसका कोई प्रभाव नहीं पड़ा। आइंस्टीन राजनीति में और अधिक शामिल हो गए, हथियारों के निर्माण को समाप्त करने के लिए आंदोलन किया और शांति और लोकतंत्र के लिए अभियान के लिए अपनी लोकप्रियता का उपयोग किया।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1955 में 76 वर्ष की आयु में आइंस्टीन का निधन हो गया, उन्हें एक वैज्ञानिक प्रतिभा के रूप में एक दूरदर्शी और विश्व नागरिक के रूप में मनाया जाता था।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">आइंस्टीन का निजी जीवन</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">आइंस्टीन को मिलेवा मैरिक से प्यार हो गया, जिसे उन्होंने "चतुर प्राणी" पाया।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">उन्होंने स्नेह को विज्ञान के साथ कोमलता से मिलाकर एक दूसरे को प्रेम पत्र लिखे। आइंस्टीन ने लिखा: "मुझे कितना खुशी और गर्व होगा जब हम दोनों सापेक्षता पर अपने काम को एक विजयी निष्कर्ष पर लाएंगे।"</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">आइंस्टीन अपनी पढ़ाई पूरी करने के बाद मिलेवा मैरिक से शादी करना चाहते थे, लेकिन उनकी मां को यह पसंद नहीं था। मिलेवा, जो अपने बेटे से तीन साल बड़ी थी, उसके लिए बहुत बड़ी थी। वह मिलेवा की बुद्धि से भी परेशान थी। "वह तुम्हारी तरह एक किताब है," उसकी माँ ने कहा।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">उन्होंने अंततः 1903 में जनवरी में शादी कर ली और उनके दो बेटे थे लेकिन लगातार संघर्षों के कारण 1919 में उनका तलाक हो गया। उसी साल आइंस्टीन ने अपनी चचेरी बहन एल्सा से दूसरी शादी कर ली।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Question and answers</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><b id="docs-internal-guid-dd90138d-7fff-1228-d8a9-12ae4c1aa434" style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Thinking about the Text</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">1.Here are some headings for paragraphs in the text. Write the number(s) of the paragraph(s) for each title against the heading. The first one is done for you.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">(i)Einstein’s equation- 9</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">(ii)Einstein meets his future wife.- 7</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">(iii)The making of a violinist - 3</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">(iv)Mileva and Einstein’s mother- 10</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">(v)A letter that launched the arms race- 16</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">(vi)A desk drawer full of ideas- 8</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">(vii)Marriage and divorce- 11</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">2.Who had these opinions about Einstein?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">(i)He was boring- His playmates.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">(ii)He was stupid and would never succeed in life.- His headmaster.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">(iii)He was a freak- His mother.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">1. यहाँ पाठ में अनुच्छेदों के लिए कुछ शीर्षक दिए गए हैं। शीर्षक के सामने प्रत्येक शीर्षक के लिए पैराग्राफ की संख्या (संख्याएँ) लिखें। पहला एक आपके लिए किया गया है।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">(i)आइंस्टीन का समीकरण- 9</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">(ii)आइंस्टीन अपनी भावी पत्नी से मिलता है।- 7</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">(iii) वायलिन वादक बनाना - 3</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">(iv) मिलेवा और आइंस्टीन की मां- 10</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">(v) हथियारों की होड़ शुरू करने वाला एक पत्र- 16</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">(vi) विचारों से भरा एक डेस्क दराज- 8</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">(vii) शादी और तलाक- 11</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">2. आइंस्टीन के बारे में ये राय किसके पास थी?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">(i) वह उबाऊ था- उसके खेलने वाले।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">(ii) वह मूर्ख था और जीवन में कभी सफल नहीं होगा।- उसका प्रधानाध्यापक।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">(iii) वह एक सनकी था- उसकी माँ</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">3.Explain what the reasons for the following are.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">(i)Einstein left the school in Munich for good.- Einstein hated the school’s extremely strict rules, regulations and discipline atmosphere,he often clashed with his teachers.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">(ii)Einstein wanted to study in Switzerland rather than in Munich- because Switzerland is more liberal than Munich. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">(iii)Einstein saw in Mileva an ally- because both were studying in the same University plus he found her clever and she also didn't like art, music and literature. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">(iv)What do these tell you about Einstein?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> Ans. These qualities describe Einstein is free will based person who didnt like boundaries for himself and others with progessive mindset. He liked like minded people. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">4. What did Einstein call his desk drawer at the patent office? Why?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Ans. Einstein called his desk drawer “the bureau of theoretical physics.” because when Einstein was elected as a technical expert in the patent office in Bern in 1902. Where he was not only assessing the inventions of others. He was also working on his secret ideas or finding which resulted in formulation or discovery of the great relativity theory.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">3. निम्नलिखित के कारण स्पष्ट कीजिए।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">(i) आइंस्टीन ने अच्छे के लिए म्यूनिख में स्कूल छोड़ दिया। आइंस्टीन को स्कूल के बेहद सख्त नियमों, विनियमों और अनुशासन के माहौल से नफरत थी, वह अक्सर अपने शिक्षकों से भिड़ जाते थे।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">(ii) आइंस्टीन म्यूनिख के बजाय स्विट्जरलैंड में अध्ययन करना चाहते थे- क्योंकि स्विट्जरलैंड म्यूनिख की तुलना में अधिक उदार है।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">(iii) आइंस्टीन ने मिलेवा में एक सहयोगी देखा- क्योंकि दोनों एक ही विश्वविद्यालय में पढ़ रहे थे और उन्होंने उसे चालाक पाया और उसे कला, संगीत और साहित्य भी पसंद नहीं था।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">(iv) ये आपको आइंस्टीन के बारे में क्या बताते हैं?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> उत्तर। ये गुण बताते हैं कि आइंस्टीन स्वतंत्र इच्छा आधारित व्यक्ति हैं, जो अपने और दूसरों के लिए प्रगतिशील मानसिकता के साथ सीमाओं को पसंद नहीं करते हैं। उन्हें समान विचारधारा वाले लोग पसंद थे।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">4. पेटेंट कार्यालय में आइंस्टीन ने अपने डेस्क दराज को क्या कहा? क्यों?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">उत्तर। आइंस्टीन ने अपने डेस्क दराज को "सैद्धांतिक भौतिकी का ब्यूरो" कहा। क्योंकि जब आइंस्टीन को 1902 में बर्न में पेटेंट कार्यालय में तकनीकी विशेषज्ञ के रूप में चुना गया था। जहां वह न केवल दूसरों के आविष्कारों का आकलन कर रहे थे। वह अपने गुप्त विचारों या खोज पर भी काम कर रहे थे जिसके परिणामस्वरूप महान सापेक्षता सिद्धांत का निर्माण या खोज हुई।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">5. Why did Einstein write a letter to Franklin Roosevelt?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Ans. Einstein wrote letter to Frankline roosevelt on 2 August 1939 because he made a conclusion or an idea how using the theory of relativity an atom bomb can be made,. which he warned: “A single bomb of this type . . . exploded in a port, might very well destroy the whole port together with some of the surrounding territory.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> 6. How did Einstein react to the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Ans.The Americans developed the atomic bomb in a secret project of their own, and dropped it on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945. Einstein was deeply shaken by the extent of the destruction.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">5. आइंस्टीन ने फ्रैंकलिन रूजवेल्ट को एक पत्र क्यों लिखा?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">उत्तर। आइंस्टीन ने फ्रैंकलाइन रूजवेल्ट को 2 अगस्त 1939 को पत्र लिखा था क्योंकि उन्होंने एक निष्कर्ष या एक विचार बनाया था कि सापेक्षता के सिद्धांत का उपयोग करके परमाणु बम कैसे बनाया जा सकता है। जिसे उसने चेतावनी दी: “इस प्रकार का एक ही बम . . . एक बंदरगाह में विस्फोट, आसपास के कुछ क्षेत्रों के साथ पूरे बंदरगाह को बहुत अच्छी तरह से नष्ट कर सकता है।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> 6. हिरोशिमा और नागासाकी पर बमबारी पर आइंस्टीन की क्या प्रतिक्रिया थी?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Ans.अमेरिकियों ने अपनी खुद की एक गुप्त परियोजना में परमाणु बम विकसित किया, और अगस्त 1945 में इसे जापानी शहरों हिरोशिमा और नागासाकी पर गिरा दिया। विनाश की सीमा से आइंस्टीन गहराई से हिल गए थे।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">7. Why does the world remember Einstein as a “world citizen”?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Ans. After america dropped atom bomb on japan and destruction it caused, it shaked einstein to core and he came into politics agitating for an end to the arms buildup and using his popularity to campaign for peace and democracy. Due to all this political involvement and inventions he was celebrated as a visionary and world citizen as much as a scientific genius. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">8. Here are some facts from Einstein’s life. Arrange them in chronological order.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Ans- Einstein published his special theory of relativity.-7</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> He is awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics.-8</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Einstein writes a letter to U.S. President, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and warns against Germany’s building of an atomic bomb.- 11</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> Einstein attends a high school in Munich.-3</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> Einstein’s family moves to Milan.-4</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> Einstein is born in the German city of Ulm. - 1</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Einstein joins a university in Zurich, where he meets Mileva.- 6</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Einstein dies.- 12</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">He provides a new interpretation of gravity.-9</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Tired of the school’s regimentation, Einstein withdraws from school.-2</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> He works in a patent office as a technical expert. -5</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">When Hitler comes to power, Einstein leaves Germany for the United States. - 10</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">7. दुनिया आइंस्टीन को "विश्व नागरिक" के रूप में क्यों याद करती है?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">उत्तर। अमेरिका द्वारा जापान पर परमाणु बम गिराए जाने और इससे हुई तबाही के बाद, इसने आइंस्टीन को हिलाकर रख दिया और वह हथियारों के निर्माण को समाप्त करने और शांति और लोकतंत्र के प्रचार के लिए अपनी लोकप्रियता का उपयोग करने के लिए आंदोलन करते हुए राजनीति में आ गए। इस सब राजनीतिक भागीदारी और आविष्कारों के कारण उन्हें एक दूरदर्शी और विश्व नागरिक के रूप में एक वैज्ञानिक प्रतिभा के रूप में मनाया जाने लगा।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">8. यहां आइंस्टीन के जीवन के कुछ तथ्य दिए गए हैं। उन्हें कालानुक्रमिक क्रम में व्यवस्थित करें।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">उत्तर- आइंस्टीन ने सापेक्षता के अपने विशेष सिद्धांत को प्रकाशित किया।-7</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> उन्हें भौतिकी में नोबेल पुरस्कार से सम्मानित किया गया है।-8</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">आइंस्टीन ने अमेरिकी राष्ट्रपति फ्रैंकलिन डी. रूजवेल्ट को एक पत्र लिखा और जर्मनी के परमाणु बम के निर्माण के खिलाफ चेतावनी दी।- 11</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> आइंस्टीन म्यूनिख के एक हाई स्कूल में पढ़ते हैं।-3</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> आइंस्टीन का परिवार मिलान चला गया।-4</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> आइंस्टीन का जन्म जर्मन शहर उल्म में हुआ है। - 1</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">आइंस्टीन ज्यूरिख में एक विश्वविद्यालय में शामिल होते हैं, जहां उनकी मुलाकात मिलेवा से होती है।- 6</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">आइंस्टीन मर जाता है।- 12</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">वह गुरुत्वाकर्षण की एक नई व्याख्या प्रदान करता है।-9</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">स्कूल के रेजीमेंट से तंग आकर आइंस्टीन ने स्कूल छोड़ दिया।-2</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> वह एक पेटेंट कार्यालय में तकनीकी विशेषज्ञ के रूप में काम करता है। -5</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">हिटलर के सत्ता में आने पर आइंस्टीन जर्मनी को छोड़कर अमेरिका चले गए। - 10</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">I. Here are some sentences from the story. Choose the word from the brackets which can be substituted for the italicised words in the sentences. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">1. A few years later, the marriage faltered. (failed, broke, </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">became weak</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">).</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> 2. Einstein was constantly at odds with people at the university. (on bad terms,</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> in disagreement</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">, unhappy) </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">3. The newspapers proclaimed his work as “a scientific revolution.” (declared,</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> praised</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">, showed) </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">4. Einstein got ever more involved in politics, agitating for an end to the arms buildup. (campaigning, </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">fighting</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">, supporting) </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">5. At the age of 15, Einstein felt so stifled that he left the school for good. (permanently,</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> for his benefit</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">, for a short time) </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">6. Five years later, the discovery of nuclear fission in Berlin had American physicists in an uproar. (in a state of commotion,</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> full of criticism,</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> in a desperate state) </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">7. Science wasn’t the only thing that appealed to the dashing young man with the walrus moustache. (</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">interested</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">, challenged, worried) </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">I. कहानी के कुछ वाक्य यहां दिए गए हैं। कोष्ठक में से उस शब्द का चयन कीजिए जिसे वाक्यों में इटैलिक शब्दों से प्रतिस्थापित किया जा सकता है।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">1. कुछ साल बाद शादी लड़खड़ा गई। (विफल, टूट गया, कमजोर हो गया)।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> 2. आइंस्टीन लगातार विश्वविद्यालय में लोगों के साथ थे। (बुरी शर्तों पर, असहमति में, दुखी)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">3. अखबारों ने उनके काम को "एक वैज्ञानिक क्रांति" के रूप में घोषित किया। (घोषित, प्रशंसा, दिखाया)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">4. आइंस्टाइन राजनीति में और अधिक शामिल हो गए, हथियारों के निर्माण को समाप्त करने के लिए आंदोलन कर रहे थे। (अभियान, लड़ाई, समर्थन)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">5. 15 साल की उम्र में आइंस्टीन को इतना घुटन महसूस हुई कि उन्होंने अच्छे के लिए स्कूल छोड़ दिया। (स्थायी रूप से, उसके लाभ के लिए, थोड़े समय के लिए)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">6. पांच साल बाद बर्लिन में परमाणु विखंडन की खोज से अमेरिकी भौतिकविदों में कोहराम मच गया। (हंगामा की स्थिति में, आलोचना से भरा, हताश अवस्था में)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">7. वालरस मूंछों वाले इस तेजतर्रार युवक को केवल विज्ञान ही आकर्षित नहीं करता था। (रुचि, चुनौती, चिंतित)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></p></span>Ynothttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17573515841561335765noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2705589226733100549.post-8495691587112824352022-09-03T07:01:00.001-07:002022-09-23T00:02:32.195-07:00NCERT Class 9 English Beehive Chapter 8 Reach for the Top,एनसीईआरटी कक्षा 9 अंग्रेजी मधुमक्खी का छत्ता अध्याय 8 शीर्ष तक पहुंचें<p> <span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;">REACH FOR THE TOP</span></p><span id="docs-internal-guid-68a02201-7fff-6a36-ae3d-f99f68bf8802"><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Part 1</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">SANTOSH YADAV</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">This chapter is about Ms Santosh Yadav who climbed Mt Everest 2 times.</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">यह अध्याय 2 बार माउंट एवरेस्ट पर चढ़ने वाली सुश्री संतोष यादव के बारे में है।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Childhood and schooling of Santosh</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">संतोषो का बचपन और स्कूली शिक्षा</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ms Santosh was born in a village where generally girl child is not welcomed and boy child is considered a blessing, while she was sixth child in her house after 5 brothers. That's why her grandmother asked for the girl child’s blessing when a holy man visited his place.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">सुश्री संतोष का जन्म ऐसे गाँव में हुआ था जहाँ आमतौर पर बालिकाओं का स्वागत नहीं किया जाता है और लड़के को आशीर्वाद माना जाता है, जबकि वह 5 भाइयों के बाद अपने घर में छठी संतान थी। इसलिए जब एक साधु ने उनके घर का दौरा किया तो उनकी मां ने बालिका का आशीर्वाद मांगा।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">She was born in the small village of Joniyawas of Rewari District in Haryana. Santosh Meaning is feeling of contentment. Santosh lived her life on her terms and she was very focused to choose the right path so that others will change to see her, not her</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">उनका जन्म हरियाणा के रेवाड़ी जिले के छोटे से गांव जोनियावास में हुआ था। संतोष नाम का मतलब संतोष की भावना होता है। संतोष ने अपना जीवन अपनी शर्तों पर जिया और उसने सही रास्ता चुनने पर ध्यान केंद्रित किया ताकि दूसरे बदल सकें, न कि वह।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">.</span></p><br /><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Santosh born in a well established family of landowners, who can send children to study in delhi but due to prevailing customs, first she studied in local village school but at the right time ,she decided to take the right step. Hence at age of 16, she demanded to study further from he parents and she told to her parents - she would never get married plus she would do a part time job to finance her own education, Her parents then agreed to pay for her education. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">संतोष का जन्म जमींदारों के एक सुस्थापित परिवार में हुआ था। वे बच्चों को दिल्ली में पढ़ने के लिए भेज सकते थे, लेकिन प्रचलित रीति-रिवाजों के कारण, संतोष ने पहले स्थानीय गाँव के स्कूल में पढ़ाई की, लेकिन सही समय पर उसने सही कदम उठाने का फैसला किया। इसलिए 16 साल की उम्र में, उसने आगे की पढ़ाई करने की मांग की, अन्यथा वह कभी शादी नहीं करेगी और वह अपनी शिक्षा के वित्तपोषण के लिए अंशकालिक नौकरी करेगी, इस पर, माता-पिता ने उसकी शिक्षा के लिए भुगतान करने पर सहमति व्यक्त की</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Santosh passed the high school examinations and went to Jaipur. She joined Maharani College and got a room in Kasturba Hostel. In front of her room there were aravali hills where she found some mountaineers climbing the hills and she asked to join them for track and they said yes. From this day Santosh's mountaineer life has started.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: #303134; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: -1pt 0pt -1pt 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">संतोष हाई स्कूल की परीक्षा पास कर जयपुर चला गया। उन्होंने महारानी कॉलेज में प्रवेश लिया और कस्तूरबा छात्रावास में एक कमरा प्राप्त किया। उसके कमरे के सामने अरावली की पहाड़ियाँ थीं जहाँ उसने कुछ पर्वतारोहियों को पहाड़ियों पर चढ़ते हुए पाया और उसने उनसे ट्रैक के लिए जुड़ने को कहा और उन्होंने हाँ कर दी। इसी दिन से संतोष के पर्वतारोही जीवन की शुरुआत हुई।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: #303134; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> </p><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Starting Mountaineering.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">She saved money and enrolled in a course at Uttarkashi’s Nehru Institute of Mountaineering. She didn't get home and joined there, later she apologised for not informing them. Santosh went on an expedition every year. Her climbing skills matured rapidly.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">उसने पैसे बचाए और उत्तरकाशी के नेहरू पर्वतारोहण संस्थान में एक कोर्स में दाखिला लिया। वह घर नहीं पहुंची और वहां शामिल हो गई, बाद में उसने उन्हें सूचित न करने के लिए माफी मांगी। संतोष हर साल एक अभियान पर जाता था। उसका चढ़ाई कौशल तेजी से परिपक्व हुआ।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> With an iron will, physical endurance and an amazing mental toughness. In 1992, At barely twenty years of age, Santosh Yadav scaled Mt Everest, becoming the youngest woman in the world to achieve the feat.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">लोहे की इच्छाशक्ति, शारीरिक सहनशक्ति और अद्भुत मानसिक दृढ़ता के साथ। 1992 में, मुश्किल से बीस साल की उम्र में, संतोष यादव ने माउंट एवरेस्ट को फतह किया, यह उपलब्धि हासिल करने वाली दुनिया की सबसे कम उम्र की महिला बन गईं।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> During the 1992 Everest mission, Santosh Yadav provided special care to a climber who lay dying at the South Col. She was unfortunately unsuccessful in saving him. However, she managed to save another climber, nammed Mohan Singh</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1992 के एवरेस्ट मिशन के दौरान, संतोष यादव ने एक पर्वतारोही की विशेष देखभाल की, जो साउथ कर्नल में मर रहा था। दुर्भाग्य से वह उसे बचाने में असफल रही। हालांकि, वह एक अन्य पर्वतारोही मोहन सिंह को बचाने में सफल रही।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Within twelve months, Santosh found herself a member of an Indo-Nepalese Women’s Expedition that invited her to join them. She then scaled Everest a second time, thus setting a record as the only woman to have scaled Everest twice, and securing for herself and India a unique place in the annals of mountaineering.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">बारह महीनों के भीतर, संतोष ने खुद को एक इंडो-नेपाली महिला अभियान का सदस्य पाया, जिसने उन्हें उनके साथ शामिल होने के लिए आमंत्रित किया। फिर उसने दूसरी बार एवरेस्ट फतह किया, इस प्रकार दो बार एवरेस्ट फतह करने वाली एकमात्र महिला के रूप में एक रिकॉर्ड स्थापित किया, और अपने और भारत के लिए पर्वतारोहण के इतिहास में एक अद्वितीय स्थान हासिल किया।</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Indian government bestowed upon her one of the nation’s top honours, the Padma Shri.She told “The feeling is indescribable. The Indian flag was flying on top of the world. It was truly a spiritual moment. I felt proud as an Indian.”</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">भारत सरकार ने उन्हें देश के शीर्ष सम्मानों में से एक, पद्म श्री से सम्मानित किया। उन्होंने कहा, "भावना अवर्णनीय है। भारत का झंडा दुनिया के ऊपर फहरा रहा था। यह वास्तव में एक आध्यात्मिक क्षण था। मुझे एक भारतीय के रूप में गर्व महसूस हुआ।"</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Santosh is a fervent environmentalist, who collected and brought down 500 kilograms of garbage from the Himalayas.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">संतोष एक उत्साही पर्यावरणविद् हैं, जिन्होंने हिमालय से 500 किलोग्राम कचरा एकत्र किया और नीचे लाया।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Summary end</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">I. Answer these questions in one or two sentences each. (The paragraph numbers within brackets provide clues to the answers.) </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">1. Why was the ‘holy man’ who gave Santosh’s mother his blessings surprised? </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Ans The holy man who gave Santosh’s mother his blessings surprised was surprised because her mother asked for baby girl and in the village where santosh born, generally girl child does not welcome.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><b id="docs-internal-guid-5024c7ac-7fff-838b-d5e9-ac302cc82bcd" style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> 2. Give an example to show that even as a young girl Santosh was not ready to accept anything unreasonable. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Ans- She began living life on her own terms from the start.two incidences were </span></p><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Girls from the village wore traditional Indian dresses, Santosh preferred shorts.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> At the age of 16 she refused to marry and demanded to do further studies.</span></p></li></ol><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">I. इन प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक या दो वाक्यों में दें। (कोष्ठक के भीतर पैराग्राफ संख्याएं उत्तरों के लिए सुराग प्रदान करती हैं।)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">1. संतोष की मां को आशीर्वाद देने वाले 'पवित्र व्यक्ति' को आश्चर्य क्यों हुआ?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">उत्तर जिस साधु ने संतोष की मां को आशीर्वाद दिया, वह आश्चर्यचकित रह गया क्योंकि उसकी मां ने बच्ची के लिए कहा और जिस गांव में संतोष का जन्म हुआ, वहां आमतौर पर बालिका का स्वागत नहीं होता।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> 2. यह दिखाने के लिए एक उदाहरण दीजिए कि एक युवा लड़की के रूप में भी संतोष कुछ भी अनुचित स्वीकार करने के लिए तैयार नहीं था।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">उत्तर- उसने शुरू से ही अपनी शर्तों पर जीवन जीना शुरू किया। दो घटनाएँ थीं:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">गांव की लड़कियों ने पारंपरिक भारतीय पोशाक पहनी थी, संतोष को शॉर्ट्स पसंद थे।</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> 16 साल की उम्र में उसने शादी करने से इनकार कर दिया और आगे की पढ़ाई करने की मांग की।</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> 3. Why was Santosh sent to the local school? </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Ans. Although Santosh's parents were well established to send her to Delhi for schooling due to village customs, parent sent her to village school. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">4. When did she leave home for Delhi, and why? </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Ans 4 she left Delhi at the age 16 for further studies.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">3. संतोष को स्थानीय स्कूल में क्यों भेजा गया?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">उत्तर। हालाँकि संतोष के माता-पिता गाँव के रीति-रिवाजों के कारण उसे स्कूली शिक्षा के लिए दिल्ली भेजने के लिए अच्छी तरह से स्थापित थे, लेकिन माता-पिता ने उसे गाँव के स्कूल में भेज दिया।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">4. वह दिल्ली के लिए घर से कब निकली और क्यों?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">उत्तर 4 उसने आगे की पढ़ाई के लिए 16 साल की उम्र में दिल्ली छोड़ दी।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">5. Why did Santosh’s parents agree to pay for her schooling in Delhi? What mental qualities of Santosh are brought into light by this incident? </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Ans Santosh’s parents agreed to pay for her schooling in Delhi, when they came to know about a plan for working and paying fees of her own. This told she was very determined and focused toward her aim plus she has an amazing mental toughness.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">5. संतोष के माता-पिता दिल्ली में उसकी स्कूली शिक्षा के लिए भुगतान करने के लिए क्यों सहमत हुए? इस घटना से संतोष के किन मानसिक गुणों का पता चलता है?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">उत्तर संतोष के माता-पिता दिल्ली में उसकी स्कूली शिक्षा के लिए भुगतान करने के लिए सहमत हुए, जब उन्हें काम करने और खुद की फीस देने की योजना के बारे में पता चला। इससे पता चला कि वह बहुत दृढ़ निश्चयी थी और अपने लक्ष्य के प्रति केंद्रित थी और साथ ही उसमें अद्भुत मानसिक दृढ़ता भी थी।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">II. Answer each of these questions in a short paragraph (about 30 words). </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">1. How did Santosh begin to climb mountains? </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Ans 1 Santosh’s room faced a mountain on which she saw some people were climbing the hills. Then one day she decided to check and she went over there. After watching them, she asked them to join for climbing and they said yes. This is how Santosh begins to climb mountains.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">2. What incidents during the Everest expedition show Santosh’s concern for her team-mates? </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Ans 2- During the Everest expedition in 1992 she tried to save two mountaineers in south col but she was unable to save one life but saved another person named Mohan singh by sharing her oxygen.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">1. संतोष ने पहाड़ों पर चढ़ना कैसे शुरू किया?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">उत्तर 1 संतोष का कमरा एक पहाड़ की ओर था जिस पर उसने देखा कि कुछ लोग पहाड़ियों पर चढ़ रहे हैं। फिर एक दिन उसने जाँच करने का निश्चय किया और वह वहाँ चली गई। उन्हें देखने के बाद, उसने उन्हें चढ़ाई के लिए शामिल होने के लिए कहा और उन्होंने हाँ कर दी। इस तरह संतोष पहाड़ों पर चढ़ने लगता है।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">2. एवरेस्ट अभियान के दौरान कौन सी घटनाएं संतोष की अपने साथियों के लिए चिंता दर्शाती हैं?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">उत्तर 2- 1992 में एवरेस्ट अभियान के दौरान उसने साउथ कर्नल में दो पर्वतारोहियों को बचाने की कोशिश की, लेकिन वह एक जीवन को बचाने में असमर्थ रही, लेकिन मोहन सिंह नाम के दूसरे व्यक्ति को ऑक्सीजन बांटकर बचा लिया।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">3. What shows her concern for the environment? </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Ans 3- She is an fervent environmentalist. In 1992 during the second expedition, Santosh collected and brought down 500 kilograms of garbage from the Himalayas.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">4. How does she describe her feelings at the summit of Everest?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Ans 4- Santosh has said, “It took some time for the enormity of the moment to sink in... Then I unfurled the Indian tricolour and held it aloft on the roof of the world. The feeling is indescribable. The Indian flag was flying on top of the world. It was truly a spiritual moment. I felt proud as an Indian.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">3. पर्यावरण के लिए उसकी चिंता क्या दर्शाती है?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">उत्तर 3- वह एक उत्साही पर्यावरणविद् हैं। 1992 में दूसरे अभियान के दौरान, संतोष ने हिमालय से 500 किलोग्राम कचरा एकत्र किया और नीचे लाया।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">4. वह एवरेस्ट की चोटी पर अपनी भावनाओं का वर्णन कैसे करती है?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">उत्तर 4- संतोष ने कहा है, "इस पल की विशालता को डूबने में कुछ समय लगा ... फिर मैंने भारतीय तिरंगा फहराया और इसे दुनिया की छत पर ऊंचा रखा। भावना अवर्णनीय है। भारत का झंडा दुनिया के ऊपर फहरा रहा था। यह वास्तव में एक आध्यात्मिक क्षण था। मुझे एक भारतीय के रूप में गर्व महसूस हुआ।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">5. Santosh Yadav got into the record books both times she scaled Mt Everest. What were the reasons for this?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Ans Santosh Yadav got into the record books both times she scaled Mt Everest </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">First reason was that she was the youngest lady to climb Mt. Everest and second, she became the youngest woman to climb Mt. Everest twice. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">5. संतोष यादव ने माउंट एवरेस्ट को फतह करने दोनों बार रिकॉर्ड बुक में जगह बनाई। इसके क्या कारण थे?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">उत्तर संतोष यादव ने रिकॉर्ड बुक में दोनों बार माउंट एवरेस्ट फतह किया</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">पहला कारण यह था कि वह माउंट एवरेस्ट पर चढ़ने वाली सबसे कम उम्र की महिला थीं और दूसरी, वह दो बार माउंट एवरेस्ट पर चढ़ने वाली सबसे कम उम्र की महिला बनीं।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">III. Complete the following statements.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> 1. From her room in Kasturba Hostel, Santosh used</span><span style="-webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> to watch villagers from my room, going up the hill and suddenly vanishing after a while. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> 2. When she finished college, Santosh had to write a letter of apology to her father </span><span style="-webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">because without his permission, she got enrolled at Uttarkashi.”</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">3. During the Everest expedition, her seniors in the team admired her c</span><span style="-webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">limbing skills, physical fitness, and mental strength</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> while her concern for others and d</span><span style="-webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">esire to work together with them found her a special </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">endearing her to fellow climbers.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">III. निम्नलिखित कथनों को पूरा करें।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> 1. कस्तूरबा छात्रावास में अपने कमरे से, संतोष मेरे कमरे से ग्रामीणों को पहाड़ी पर जाते हुए देखता था और थोड़ी देर बाद अचानक गायब हो जाता था।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> 2. जब उसने कॉलेज खत्म किया, तो संतोष को अपने पिता को माफी का पत्र लिखना पड़ा क्योंकि उसकी अनुमति के बिना, उसने उत्तरकाशी में दाखिला लिया।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">3. एवरेस्ट अभियान के दौरान, टीम में उनके वरिष्ठों ने उनके चढ़ाई कौशल, शारीरिक फिटनेस और मानसिक शक्ति की प्रशंसा की, जबकि दूसरों के लिए उनकी चिंता और उनके साथ मिलकर काम करने की इच्छा ने उन्हें साथी पर्वतारोहियों के लिए एक विशेष प्रिय पाया।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">IV. Pick out words from the text that mean the same as the following words or expressions. (Look in the paragraphs indicated.) </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">1. took to be true without proof </span><span style="-webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> assumed </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">2. based on reason; sensible; reasonable</span><span style="-webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> Logical </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> 3. the usual way of doing things </span><span style="-webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">conventional</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> 4. a strong desire arising from within </span><span style="-webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Determined </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> 5. the power to endure, without falling ill </span><span style="-webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Endurances </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">चतुर्थ। पाठ से ऐसे शब्द चुनें जिनका अर्थ निम्नलिखित शब्दों या भावों के समान हो। (संकेत दिए गए पैराग्राफ में देखें।)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">1. बिना प्रमाण के सत्य माना जाता है</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">2. कारण के आधार पर; समझदार; उचित तार्किक</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> 3. पारंपरिक चीजों को करने का सामान्य तरीका</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> 4. भीतर से उत्पन्न होने वाली प्रबल इच्छा</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> 5. बिना बीमार पड़े सहने की शक्ति सहनशक्ति</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><br /></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Part II</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 108pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Maria Sharapova</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Maria Sharapova is a well known name in the tennis world and she climbed to no.1 position within 4 years of joining the tennis game. On Monday, 22 August 2005 she earned the world number one position in women’s tennis.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">मारिया शारापोवा टेनिस की दुनिया में एक जाना-पहचाना नाम है और टेनिस खेल में शामिल होने के 4 साल के भीतर वह नंबर 1 स्थान पर पहुंच गई। सोमवार, 22 अगस्त 2005 को उसने महिला टेनिस में विश्व की नंबर एक स्थिति अर्जित की।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Maria Sharapova was nine year old when she moved to the USA with her father Yuri without her mother for two years and these were very painful years for her. The trip to Florida with her father Yuri to launched her on the path to success and stardom.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">मारिया शारापोवा नौ साल की थीं, जब वह दो साल के लिए अपने पिता यूरी के साथ अपनी मां के बिना यूएसए चली गईं और ये उनके लिए बहुत दर्दनाक साल थे। अपने पिता यूरी के साथ फ्लोरिडा की यात्रा ने उन्हें सफलता और स्टारडम की राह पर अग्रसर किया।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Maria Sharapova said she understood tennis excellence would only come at a price. She used to be alone without her mother and her father also worked hard to keep my tennis-training going. So, he couldn’t see me either.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">मारिया शारापोवा ने कहा कि वह समझती हैं कि टेनिस उत्कृष्टता केवल एक कीमत पर आएगी। वह अपनी मां के बिना अकेली रहती थी और उसके पिता ने भी मेरी टेनिस-प्रशिक्षण को जारी रखने के लिए कड़ी मेहनत की। तो, वह मुझे भी नहीं देख सका।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">She narrates her hardships that her seniors created trouble, humiliates and insults her during training but she didn't get depressed while using it to become more quietly determined and mentally tough and she won the women’s singles crown at Wimbledon in 2004 and to her meteoric rise to the world number one spot the following year.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">वह अपनी कठिनाइयों के बारे में बताती है कि उसके वरिष्ठों ने उसे परेशान किया, उसे अपमानित किया और प्रशिक्षण के दौरान उसका अपमान किया, लेकिन वह अधिक शांत और मानसिक रूप से कठिन बनने के लिए इसका उपयोग करते हुए उदास नहीं हुई और उसने 2004 में विंबलडन में महिला एकल का ताज जीता और उसके उल्कापिंड में वृद्धि हुई अगले वर्ष दुनिया के नंबर एक स्थान पर</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Maria Sharapova's straight looks and answers, she gives when asked about her ambition make it amply clear that she considers the sacrifices were worth it. She said “I am very, very competitive. I work hard at what I do. It’s my job.” This is her mantra for success. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">मारिया शारापोवा के सीधे दिखने और जवाब, जब उनसे उनकी महत्वाकांक्षा के बारे में पूछा गया तो यह स्पष्ट रूप से स्पष्ट हो गया कि वह मानती हैं कि बलिदान इसके लायक थे। उसने कहा, "मैं बहुत, बहुत प्रतिस्पर्धी हूं। मैं जो करता हूं उसमें कड़ी मेहनत करता हूं। यह मेरी नौकरी है।" यही उनकी सफलता का मंत्र है</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Although, Maria Sharapova lives in the USA but she clearly claims that she is russian, usa is a big part of her life but when it is required she will play olympics from russia. She lists fashion, singing and dancing as her hobbies. She loves reading the novels of Arthur Conan Doyle. Her fondness for sophisticated evening gowns appears at odds with her love of pancakes with chocolate spread and fizzy orange drinks.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">हालांकि मारिया शारापोवा यूएसए में रहती हैं और साफ तौर पर दावा करती हैं कि वह रूसी हैं, लेकिन यूएसए उनके जीवन का एक बड़ा हिस्सा है लेकिन जब जरूरत होगी तो वह रूस से ओलंपिक खेलेंगी। वह फैशन, गायन और नृत्य को अपने शौक के रूप में सूचीबद्ध करती है। उसे आर्थर कॉनन डॉयल के उपन्यास पढ़ना बहुत पसंद है। परिष्कृत शाम के गाउन के लिए उनका शौक चॉकलेट स्प्रेड और फ़िज़ी नारंगी पेय के साथ पेनकेक्स के उनके प्यार के साथ अजीब लगता है।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Her talent, unwavering desire to succeed and readiness to sacrifice have lifted her to the top of the world. She said “Tennis is a business and a sport, but the most important thing is to become number one in the world and this is the dream that kept me going.” </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">उनकी प्रतिभा, सफल होने की अटूट इच्छा और बलिदान के लिए तत्परता ने उन्हें दुनिया के शीर्ष पर पहुंचा दिया है। उन्होंने कहा, "टेनिस एक व्यवसाय और खेल है, लेकिन सबसे महत्वपूर्ण बात यह है कि दुनिया में नंबर एक बनना है। यही वह सपना है जिसने मुझे आगे बढ़ाया।"</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b id="docs-internal-guid-122fbb94-7fff-5b07-af91-6cfe9a5c1bf3" style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Points of Comparison/Contrast </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">1. Their humble beginning </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Santosh: </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">She was born in a village in India.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Maria sharapova:</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> she left for the USA when she was 9 year old.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /></b></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">2. Their parents’ approach </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Santosh:</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> her parents initially sent her to village school and after her demands, they accepted her demand.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Maria Sharapova:</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> Her father worked hard for her training and launched her on the path to success and stardom.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /></b></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">3. Their will power and strong desire to succeed </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Santosh:</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Roboto,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">“And I was supposed to be in Uttarkashi on the twenty-first. So, I did not go back home; instead, I headed straight for the training.”</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Roboto,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Maria sharapova:</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Roboto,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> ``When you come from nothing and you have nothing, then it makes you very hungry and determined…”</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">4. Evidence of their mental toughness</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Santosh:</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Roboto,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Equipped with an iron will, physical endurance and an amazing mental toughness, she proved herself repeatedly.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Roboto,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Maria sharapova:</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Roboto,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> “Instead of letting that depress me, I became more quietly determined and mentally tough.”</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> 5. Their patriotism</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Santosh: </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Roboto,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">“Then I unfurled the Indian tricolour and held it aloft on the roof of the world. The feeling is indescribable. The Indian flag was flying on top of the world. It was truly a spiritual moment. I felt proud as an Indian.”</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Roboto,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Maria sharapova: </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Roboto,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">“My blood is totally Russian. I will play the Olympics for Russia if they want me.”</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Roboto,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">तुलना के बिंदु/विपरीत</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Roboto,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">1. उनकी विनम्र शुरुआत</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Roboto,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">संतोष: उनका जन्म भारत के एक गाँव में हुआ था।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Roboto,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">मारिया शारापोवा: जब वह 9 साल की थीं, तब वह यूएसए चली गईं।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /></b></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Roboto,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">2. उनके माता-पिता का दृष्टिकोण</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Roboto,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">संतोष : उसके माता-पिता ने शुरू में उसे गांव के स्कूल भेजा और उसकी मांग के बाद उन्होंने उसकी मांग मान ली.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Roboto,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">मारिया शारापोवा: उनके पिता ने उनके प्रशिक्षण के लिए कड़ी मेहनत की और उन्हें सफलता और स्टारडम की राह पर अग्रसर किया।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /></b></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Roboto,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">3. उनकी इच्छा शक्ति और सफल होने की प्रबल इच्छा</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Roboto,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">संतोष:“और मुझे इक्कीसवीं तारीख को उत्तरकाशी में होना था। इसलिए, मैं घर वापस नहीं गया; इसके बजाय, मैं सीधे प्रशिक्षण के लिए चला गया।”</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Roboto,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">मारिया शारापोवा: ``जब आप कुछ नहीं से आते हैं और आपके पास कुछ भी नहीं है, तो यह आपको बहुत भूखा और दृढ़ बनाता है ..."</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Roboto,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">4. उनकी मानसिक दृढ़ता का प्रमाण</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Roboto,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">संतोष : लोहे की इच्छाशक्ति, शारीरिक सहनशक्ति और अद्भुत मानसिक दृढ़ता से लैस, उसने बार-बार खुद को साबित किया।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Roboto,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">मारिया शारापोवा: "मुझे निराश करने के बजाय, मैं अधिक चुपचाप दृढ़ और मानसिक रूप से सख्त हो गई।"</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Roboto,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> 5. उनकी देशभक्ति</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Roboto,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">संतोष: “फिर मैंने भारतीय तिरंगा फहराया और उसे दुनिया की छत पर ऊंचा रखा। भावना अवर्णनीय है। भारत का झंडा दुनिया के ऊपर फहरा रहा था। यह वास्तव में एक आध्यात्मिक क्षण था। मुझे एक भारतीय के रूप में गर्व महसूस हुआ।"</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Roboto,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">मारिया शारापोवा: “मेरा खून पूरी तरह से रूसी है। अगर वे मुझे चाहते हैं तो मैं रूस के लिए ओलंपिक खेलूंगा।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></b></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">I. Identify the two parts in the sentences below by underlining the part that gives us the information in brackets, as shown above. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">1. Where other girls wore traditional Indian dresses,</span><span style="-webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> Santosh preferred shorts</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">. (Contrasts her dress with that of others) </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> 2. She left home and </span><span style="-webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">got herself enrolled in a school in Delhi</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">.(Tell us what happened after the first action.) </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">3. She decided to fight the system </span><span style="-webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">when the right moment arrived.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">(Tells us when she was going to fight the system.)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> 4. Little Maria had</span><span style="-webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> not yet celebrated her tenth birthday</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> when she was packed off to train in the United States. (Tells us when Maria was sent to the U.S.)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">I. नीचे दिए गए वाक्यों में दो भागों को उस भाग को रेखांकित करके पहचानें जो हमें कोष्ठक में जानकारी देता है, जैसा कि ऊपर दिखाया गया है।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">1. जहां अन्य लड़कियों ने पारंपरिक भारतीय पोशाक पहनी थी, संतोष ने शॉर्ट्स पसंद किए। (दूसरों के साथ उसकी पोशाक के विपरीत)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> 2. उसने घर छोड़ दिया और दिल्ली के एक स्कूल में दाखिला लिया। (पहली कार्रवाई के बाद क्या हुआ, हमें बताएं।)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">3. सही समय आने पर उसने सिस्टम से लड़ने का फैसला किया। (हमें बताती है कि वह सिस्टम से कब लड़ने वाली थी।)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> 4. लिटिल मारिया ने अभी तक अपना दसवां जन्मदिन नहीं मनाया था जब उसे संयुक्त राज्य में प्रशिक्षण के लिए पैक किया गया था। (हमें बताता है कि मारिया को यू.एस. कब भेजा गया था)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">II. Now rewrite the pairs of sentences given below as one sentence</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Ans- 1. Grandfather told me about the old days when all books were printed on paper.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 8pt 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">2. After you finish the book, perhaps you just throw it away.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 8pt 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">3. He gave the little girl an apple and took the computer apart.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 8pt 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">4. When you have nothing, that makes you very determined.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 8pt 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">5. I never thought of quitting as I knew what I wanted.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">द्वितीय. अब नीचे दिए गए वाक्यों के युग्मों को एक वाक्य के रूप में फिर से लिखिए</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">उत्तर- 1. दादाजी ने मुझे पुराने दिनों के बारे में बताया जब सभी किताबें कागज पर छपती थीं।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">2. किताब खत्म करने के बाद, शायद आप उसे फेंक दें।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">3. उसने छोटी लड़की को एक सेब दिया और कंप्यूटर को अलग कर लिया।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">4. जब आपके पास कुछ भी नहीं होता है, तो यह आपको बहुत दृढ़निश्चयी बनाता है।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">5. मैंने कभी छोड़ने के बारे में नहीं सोचा क्योंकि मुझे पता था कि मुझे क्या चाहिए।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><br /></p></span>Ynothttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17573515841561335765noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2705589226733100549.post-11182504395983072222022-09-03T06:56:00.002-07:002022-09-03T06:56:18.501-07:00NCERT Class 9 English Beehive Chapter 9 The Bond of Love,एनसीईआरटी कक्षा 9 अंग्रेजी मधुमक्खी का छत्ता अध्याय 9 प्यार का बंधन<p> <span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"> The Bond of Love </span></p><span id="docs-internal-guid-a84a7b25-7fff-b0b5-2ebf-db5675629cc1"><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">This is the story of a sloth bear and a family. Narratore was telling, they were passing through mysore when they found this bear. There were some villagers who were shooting out pigs from a sugarcane field and he mistakenly shooted at a female sloth who was carrying a baby bear and the baby ran in the field back but the narrator caught him and brought it to his house.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">यह एक सुस्त भालू और एक परिवार की कहानी है। नरातोरे बता रहे थे, वे मैसूर से गुजर रहे थे तभी उन्हें यह भालू मिला। कुछ ग्रामीण थे जो गन्ने के खेत से सूअर निकाल रहे थे और उसने गलती से एक मादा सुस्ती पर गोली मार दी, जो एक भालू के बच्चे को ले जा रही थी और बच्चा पीछे की ओर भागा लेकिन कथाकार ने उसे पकड़ लिया और अपने घर ले आया।</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Narrator’s house was in Bangalore,so he took the bear there . His wife also loved the bear</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">And named him Bruno, she also tied a red ribbon on his neck. She fed milk to him with a bottle and soon within a very few days, He started eating and drinking everything else. He ate porridge made from any ingredients, vegetables, fruit, nuts,meat (especially pork), curry and rice regardless of spices and chillies, bread, eggs, chocolates,sweets, pudding, ice-cream, etc. As for drink: milk, tea, coffee, lime-juice, aerated water, buttermilk, beer, alcoholic liquor and, in fact, anything liquid. He ate with relish.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">नैरेटर का घर बंगलौर में था, इसलिए वह भालू को वहीं ले गया। उसकी पत्नी भी भालू से प्यार करती थी</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">और उसका नाम ब्रूनो रखा, उसने उसके गले में लाल रिबन भी बांधा। उसने बोतल से उसे दूध पिलाया और कुछ ही दिनों में वह बाकी सब कुछ खाने-पीने लगा। उन्होंने मसाले और मिर्च, ब्रेड, अंडे, चॉकलेट, मिठाई, हलवा, आइसक्रीम आदि की परवाह किए बिना किसी भी सामग्री, सब्जियां, फल, मेवा, मांस (विशेषकर सूअर का मांस), करी और चावल से बना दलिया खाया। पीने के लिए: दूध , चाय, कॉफी, चूने का रस, वातित पानी, छाछ, बीयर, मादक शराब और वास्तव में, कुछ भी तरल। उसने चाव से खाया।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bruno became the favourite of everyone from dogs to every child in the building. He plays in the whole house. One day an accident happened. The narrator kept some rat poisoning tablet to kill rats in the library, Bruno ate them and he suffered </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> from serious Paralysis to the extent that he could not stand on his feet. But he dragged himself on his stumps to narrator's wife, and they took them to the vet</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">बिल्डिंग में कुत्तों से लेकर हर बच्चे तक ब्रूनो सबके चहेते बन गए। वह पूरे घर में खेलता है। एक दिन एक दुर्घटना हुई। कथावाचक ने चूहों को मारने के लिए पुस्तकालय में चूहे के जहर की कुछ गोली रखी, ब्रूनो ने उन्हें खा लिया और वह पीड़ित हो गया</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> गंभीर पक्षाघात से इस हद तक कि वह अपने पैरों पर खड़ा नहीं हो सका। लेकिन वह खुद को अपने स्टंप पर खींचकर कथावाचक की पत्नी के पास ले गया, और वे उन्हें पशु चिकित्सक के पास ले गए।</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Vet asked about the name of the poison Bruno ate, he said Barium carbonate. Burno had vomiting,heavy breathing, with heaving flanks and gaping mouth. Then Vet gave him 2 doses of 10 c.c to save him. After 30 minutes Bruno got up and had a great feed. Again another day he drank one gallon of old engine oil but it had no ill effects.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">पशु चिकित्सक ने ब्रूनो द्वारा खाए गए जहर के नाम के बारे में पूछा, उन्होंने बेरियम कार्बोनेट कहा। बर्नो को उल्टी हो रही थी, सांस लेने में भारी दिक्कत हो रही थी, पेट फूला हुआ था और मुंह फटा हुआ था। फिर वेट ने उसे बचाने के लिए उसे 10 c.c की 2 खुराकें दीं। 30 मिनट के बाद ब्रूनो उठा और उसने बहुत अच्छा खाना खाया। एक और दिन फिर उसने एक गैलन पुराना इंजन तेल पिया लेकिन इसका कोई बुरा प्रभाव नहीं पड़ा</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Now, Bruno has grown up into a big bear but was just as sweet, just as mischievous, just as playful. And he was very fond of us all. Above all, he loved my wife, and she loved him too! She had changed his name from Bruno, to Baba, a Hindustani word signifying ‘small boy. Bruno now can do many small acts with his body and props. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">अब ब्रूनो एक बड़े भालू के रूप में बड़ा हो गया है, लेकिन वह उतना ही मीठा, उतना ही शरारती, उतना ही चंचल था। और हम सब उससे बहुत प्यार करते हैं। सबसे बढ़कर, वह मेरी पत्नी से प्यार करता था, और वह भी उससे प्यार करती थी! उसने अपना नाम ब्रूनो से बदलकर बाबा कर लिया था, जो एक हिंदुस्तानी शब्द है जो 'छोटे लड़के' को दर्शाता है। ब्रूनो अब अपनी बॉडी और प्रॉप्स से कई छोटे-मोटे काम कर सकता है।</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Due to Bruno ‘s growing size, the narrator and his son advised his wife, and friends advised her too, to give Baba to the zoo at Mysore. He was getting too big to keep at home. After some weeks of such advice, she at last consented. They wrote a letter to the curator of mysore zoo and he also accepted their request.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">ब्रूनो के बढ़ते आकार के कारण, कथाकार और उसके बेटे ने उसकी पत्नी को सलाह दी, और दोस्तों ने भी उसे सलाह दी कि बाबा को मैसूर के चिड़ियाघर में दे दें। वह घर पर रखने के लिए बहुत बड़ा हो रहा था। इस तरह की सलाह के कुछ हफ़्तों के बाद उसने आख़िरकार हामी भर दी। उन्होंने मैसूर चिड़ियाघर के क्यूरेटर को एक पत्र लिखा और उन्होंने भी उनका अनुरोध स्वीकार कर लिया।</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bruno has gone to zoo and everyone was upset but his wife was inconsolable. She wept and fretted. For the first few days she would not eat anything. Then she wrote a number of letters to the curator. How was Baba? Back came the replies, “Well, but fretting; he refuses food too.”</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">हर कोई परेशान था लेकिन उसकी पत्नी बेसुध थी। वह रोई और घबराई। पहले कुछ दिनों तक उसने कुछ भी नहीं खाया। फिर उसने क्यूरेटर को कई पत्र लिखे। बाबा कैसे थे? जवाब वापस आया, "ठीक है, लेकिन झल्लाहट; वह खाना भी मना कर देता है।"</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Narrator told that for several days he stopped his wife to going zoo and let bruno to get settle </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Down, but after some time she was unstoppable and told the narrator, if he didn't take her to the zoo, she would go by her own to meet bruno. Then the narrator took her to the zoo. Friends said Bruno wouldn't be able to recognise you both but he recognised them in no time. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">कथावाचक ने बताया कि कई दिनों तक उसने अपनी पत्नी को चिड़ियाघर जाने के लिए रोका और ब्रूनो को बसने दिया</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">नीचे, लेकिन कुछ समय बाद वह अजेय थी और उसने कथाकार से कहा, अगर वह उसे चिड़ियाघर नहीं ले गया, तो वह खुद ब्रूनो से मिलने जाएगी। तब कथाकार उसे चिड़ियाघर ले गया। दोस्तों ने कहा कि ब्रूनो आप दोनों को नहीं पहचान पाएगा, लेकिन उसने कुछ ही समय में उन्हें पहचान लिया।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> For the next three hours she would not leave that cage. She gave him tea, lemonade, cakes, ice-cream and what not. Then ‘closing time’ came and we had to leave. My wife cried bitterly; Baba cried bitterly; even the hardened curator and the keepers felt depressed.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">अगले तीन घंटे तक वह उस पिंजरे को नहीं छोड़ेगी। उसने उसे चाय, नींबू पानी, केक, आइसक्रीम और क्या नहीं दिया। फिर 'समापन समय' आया और हमें जाना पड़ा। मेरी पत्नी फूट-फूट कर रोई; बाबा फूट-फूट कर रोए; कठोर क्यूरेटर और रखवाले भी उदास महसूस करते थे।</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Next narrator’s wife asked the curator to take back bruno but the curator said he can't and now bruno is government property and he said they need to take permission from the superintendent in Bangalore. Now going back home they went to superintendent and her wife A tearful pleading: “Baba and I are both fretting for each other. Will you please give him back to me?” He was a kind-hearted man and consented.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">अगले कथाकार की पत्नी ने क्यूरेटर से ब्रूनो को वापस लेने के लिए कहा, लेकिन क्यूरेटर ने कहा कि वह नहीं कर सकता और अब ब्रूनो सरकारी संपत्ति है और उन्होंने कहा कि उन्हें बैंगलोर में अधीक्षक से अनुमति लेने की आवश्यकता है। अब घर वापस जा कर वे अधीक्षक और उसकी पत्नी के पास गए और रोते हुए विनती करते हुए कहा: “बाबा और मैं दोनों एक दूसरे के लिए झल्लाहट कर रहे हैं। क्या आप कृपया उसे मुझे वापस दे देंगे?" वह एक दयालु व्यक्ति था और सहमत था।</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bruno came back in a small cage hoist on the car. Once home, a squad of coolies were engaged for special work in our compound. An island was made for Baba. It was twenty feet long and fifteen feet wide, and was surrounded by a dry pit, or moat, six feet wide and seven feet deep. A wooden box that once housed fowls was brought and put on the island for Baba to sleep in at night. Straw was placed inside to keep him warm, and his ‘baby’, the gnarled stump, along with his ‘gun’, the piece of bamboo, both of which had been sentimentally preserved since he had been sent away to the zoo, were put back for him to play with.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">ब्रूनो कार के एक छोटे से पिंजरे में फहराकर वापस आया। एक बार घर में, हमारे परिसर में कुलियों का एक दल विशेष कार्य के लिए लगा हुआ था। बाबा के लिए टापू बना दिया। यह बीस फुट लंबा और पन्द्रह फुट चौड़ा था, और एक सूखे गड्ढे, या खाई से घिरा हुआ था, छह फुट चौड़ा और सात फुट गहरा। एक लकड़ी का बक्सा, जिसमें कभी पक्षियों को रखा जाता था, लाया गया और रात में बाबा के सोने के लिए द्वीप पर रख दिया गया। उसे गर्म रखने के लिए पुआल को अंदर रखा गया था, और उसके 'बच्चे', नुकीले स्टंप, उसकी 'बंदूक', बांस के टुकड़े के साथ, दोनों को भावनात्मक रूप से संरक्षित किया गया था क्योंकि उसे चिड़ियाघर भेज दिया गया था। उसके साथ खेलने के लिए वापस।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Every day, the way my wife reaches the island and leaves it is interesting. I have tied a rope to the overhanging branch of a mango tree with a loop at its end. Putting one foot in the loop, she kicks off with the other, to bridge the six-foot gap that constitutes the width of the surrounding pit.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">जिस तरह से मेरी पत्नी द्वीप पर पहुंचती है और उसे छोड़ती है वह दिलचस्प है। मैंने एक आम के पेड़ की लटकती हुई शाखा पर एक रस्सी बांधी है जिसके सिरे पर एक लूप है। एक पैर को लूप में रखते हुए, वह दूसरे के साथ किक करती है, छह फुट के अंतर को पाटने के लिए जो आसपास के गड्ढे की चौड़ाई का गठन करता है।</span></p><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Questions and answers</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">I. Given in the box are some headings. Find the relevant paragraphs in the text to match the headings. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ans 1 An Orphaned Cub;- 3</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Bruno’s Food-chart;- 6</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">An Accidental Case of Poisoning- 8 </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Playful Baba- 12</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Pain of Separation- 14</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Joy of Reunion - 16</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A Request to the Zoo- 18</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">An Island in the Courtyard- 21</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">II. Answer the following questions. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1. “I got him for her by accident.”</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ans 1. (i) Who says this? - Narrator said it </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(ii) Who do ‘him’ and ‘her’ refer to?- Him is for sloth bear bruno. Her is for a wife.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(iii) What is the incident referred to here?- Narratore was telling, they were passing through mysore when they found this bear. There were some villagers who were shooting out pigs from a sugarcane field and he mistakenly shooted at a female sloth who was carrying a baby bear. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2. “He stood on his head in delight.” </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(i) Who does ‘he’ refer to? -He refers to bruno sloth bear.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(ii) Why was he delighted?- He was delighted to see both the narrator and his wife.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3. “We all missed him greatly: but in a sense we were relieved.” </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(i) Who does ‘we all’ stand for?- We stand for the narrator, his son and her wife.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(ii) Who did they miss? - they missed sloth bear</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(iii) Why did they nevertheless feel relieved?- they feel relieved because Bruno is getting bigger and needs more space. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">III. Answer the following questions in 30 to 40 words each. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1. On two occasions Bruno ate/drank something that should not be eaten/ drunk. What happened to him on these occasions? </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ans 1- One day an accident happened. The narrator kept some rat poisoning tablet to kill rats in the library, Bruno ate them and Paralysis set in to the extent that he could not stand on his feet. They took him to the vet Then Vet gave him 2 doses of 10 c.c to save him. After 30 minutes Bruno got up and had a great feed. Again another day he drank one gallon of old engine oil but it had no ill effects.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2. Was Bruno a loving and playful pet? Why, then, did he have to be sent away? </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ans 2- Bruno became the favourite of everyone from dogs to every child in the building. He is a very playful pet. Bruno has grown up into a big bear but was just as sweet, just as mischievous, just as playful and he was very fond of them all. They sent Bruno away because Bruno is getting bigger and needs more space. </span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3. How was the problem of what to do with Bruno finally solved?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ans 3- Bruno was getting bigger, so he was sent to a zoo in mysore. But there he grew weak and thin because he misses everyone, so when the wife of the narrator went to meet him, he got very happy and the lady decided to take him back home. Then they kept him in separate land.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. 1. Find these words in the lesson. They all have ie or ei in them.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ans 1- </span><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">field; ingredients; height; mischievous; friends; eighty-seven; relieved; piece</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2. Now here are some more words. Complete them with ei or ie. Consult a dictionary if necessary.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ans 2- believe; receive; weird; leisure; seize; weight; reign; foreign; grief; pierce.</span></p><br /><br /><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2. Adverbs Find the adverbs in the passage below. ( You’ve read about adverbs in Unit 1.) We thought that everything was over when suddenly a black sloth bear came out panting in the hot sun. Now I will not shoot a sloth-bear wantonly but, unfortunately for the poor beast, one of my companions did not feel that way about it, and promptly shot the bear on the spot.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ans 2 (i) Complete the following sentences, using a suitable adverb ending in –ly. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(a) Rana does her homework </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">well.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(b) It rains </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">cats and dogs</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> in Mumbai in June. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(c) He does his work </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">honestly </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(d) The dog serves his master with </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">love</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> .</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(ii) Choose the most suitable adverbs or adverbial phrases and complete the following sentences. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ans (a) We should</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> never </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">get down from a moving train. (never, sometimes, often)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(b) I was</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> badly</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> in need of support after my poor performance. (badly, occasionally, sometimes) </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(c) Rita met with an accident. The doctor examined her </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">immediately</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> . (suddenly, seriously, immediately)</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3. Take down the following scrambled version of a story that your teacher will dictate to you, with appropriate punctuation marks. Then, read the scrambled story carefully and try to rewrite it rearranging the incidents.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ans 3. It was a cold winter’s day, and an ant was bringing out some grains of corn from her home. She had gathered the corn in summer. She wanted to dry them. A grasshopper, who was very hungry, saw her and said, “When did you get the corn? I am dying of hunger.” “I collected it in summer,” said the ant. “What were you doing in summer? Why did you not store some corn?” The grasshopper replied, “I was too busy.” “What were you doing?” asked the ant again. “I was singing all day,” answered the grasshopper. “If you sang all summer,” said the ant, “you can dance all winter.”</span></p><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></span>Ynothttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17573515841561335765noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2705589226733100549.post-23678727306409764102022-09-03T06:53:00.003-07:002022-09-24T01:52:02.272-07:00Statistics for Economics Class 11 Notes Chapter 1 Introduction,अर्थशास्त्र के लिए सांख्यिकी कक्षा 11 के नोट्स अध्याय 1 परिचय<p> <span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;">Introduction to Statistics</span></p><span id="docs-internal-guid-e143eab6-7fff-d811-c9ca-5d01b5f7deeb"><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Economics is all about studying a life cycle of business and financial activities.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Consumer- A person who buys goods or services for final consumption and gifting to another person.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Seller - A person who sells products and services in exchange for money and profits.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Producer- A person or an organisation which produces goods and services. Like doctor, farmer,tax-driveretc. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Employer and Employees- In an organisation a person who is working for some other person, and you get paid for it like -wages or a salary are called employees and a person who is paying these wages or salary and employed them in the organisation is called employer. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Economic activities - Economic activities are ones that are undertaken for monetary gain.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">अर्थशास्त्र व्यवसाय और वित्तीय गतिविधियों के जीवन चक्र का अध्ययन करने के बारे में है।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">उपभोक्ता- वह व्यक्ति जो अंतिम उपभोग के लिए सामान या सेवाएं खरीदता है। इसमें किसी को कुछ उपहार देना भी शामिल है।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">विक्रेता - एक व्यक्ति जो मौद्रिक और मुनाफे के बदले उत्पादों और सेवाओं को बेचता है।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">निर्माता- एक व्यक्ति या संगठन जो वस्तुओं और सेवाओं का उत्पादन करता है। जैसे डॉक्टर, किसान, कर-चालक आदि।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">नियोक्ता और कर्मचारी- एक संगठन में एक व्यक्ति जो किसी अन्य व्यक्ति के लिए काम कर रहा है, और आपको इसके लिए भुगतान किया जाता है जैसे-मजदूरी या वेतन को कर्मचारी कहा जाता है और एक व्यक्ति जो इन मजदूरी या वेतन का भुगतान करता है और उन्हें संगठन में नियोजित करता है उसे कहा जाता है नियोक्ता।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">आर्थिक गतिविधियाँ - आर्थिक गतिविधियाँ वे हैं जो मौद्रिक लाभ के लिए की जाती हैं।</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">We cannot get something for nothing</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">हमें बिना कुछ लिए कुछ नहीं मिल सकता</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Scarcity is unavailability or shortage of things which are in demand. Scarcity is the root of all economic problems.Example - train’s available seats always less against passenger’s booking for seats , resulting in waiting lists. Petrol availability over demand increases the price. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">How scarcity creates problems of choice- a farmer grows food crops in his field, besides seeds he requires water, manure, fertilisers, pesticides with farming equipment. Now the same materials can be used in producing non-food crops hence it creates a problem of choice because resources are scarce.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">कमी उन चीजों की अनुपलब्धता है जो मांग में हैं। कमी सभी आर्थिक समस्याओं की जड़ है। उदाहरण - यात्रियों की बुकिंग के मुकाबले ट्रेन की उपलब्ध सीटें हमेशा कम होती हैं, जिसके परिणामस्वरूप प्रतीक्षा सूची होती है। मांग से अधिक पेट्रोल की उपलब्धता से कीमत बढ़ जाती है।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">कमी कैसे पैदा करती है पसंद की समस्या- एक किसान अपने खेत में खाद्यान्न फसलें उगाता है, बीज के अलावा उसे खेती के उपकरण के साथ पानी, खाद, उर्वरक, कीटनाशकों की आवश्यकता होती है। अब उसी सामग्री का उपयोग गैर-खाद्य फसलों के उत्पादन में किया जा सकता है इसलिए यह पसंद की समस्या पैदा करता है क्योंकि संसाधन दुर्लभ हैं।</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Consumption, Production and Distribution </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Consumption</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">- consumption means consuming or using goods and services. The study of consumption is to understand how a person consumes or buys goods and services in a given income, among various alternatives of different prices. In simple terms we can also say it is budgeting. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Production</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> is producing or manufacturing goods and services. The study of production is to study how producers decide what to produce, when to produce and how to produce in available resources. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Distribution</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> is the study of how goods and services are distributed plus income or wages generated from this activity. In study of distribution we learn about how the national income or the total income arising from produced in the country (called the Gross Domestic Product or GDP) is distributed through wages (and salaries), profits and interest it excludes investments and income from forigen. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">खपत, उत्पादन और वितरण</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">उपभोग</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">- वस्तुओं और सेवाओं का उपभोग या उपयोग करना है। उपभोग का अध्ययन यह समझने के लिए है कि कोई व्यक्ति किसी दी गई आय में विभिन्न कीमतों के विभिन्न विकल्पों के बीच वस्तुओं और सेवाओं का उपभोग या खरीद कैसे करता है। सरल शब्दों में हम यह भी कह सकते हैं कि यह बजट है।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">उत्पादन</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> का अर्थ है वस्तुओं और सेवाओं का निर्माण। उत्पादन का अध्ययन इस बात का अध्ययन करना है कि उत्पादक कैसे तय करते हैं कि क्या उत्पादन करना है, कब उत्पादन करना है और उपलब्ध संसाधनों में कैसे उत्पादन करना है।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">वितरण </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">यह है कि उत्पादित वस्तुओं और सेवाओं को इस गतिविधि से उत्पन्न आय या मजदूरी के साथ कैसे वितरित किया जाता है। वितरण के अध्ययन में हम सीखते हैं कि राष्ट्रीय आय या देश में उत्पादित कुल आय (जिसे सकल घरेलू उत्पाद या जीडीपी कहा जाता है) को मजदूरी (और वेतन), लाभ और ब्याज के माध्यम से कैसे वितरित किया जाता है, इसमें निवेश और विदेशी आय शामिल नहीं है।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Besides these above factors which are studied in economics, Modern economics also studies basic problems facing the country for special studies. These are:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Literacy or illiteracy rate.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Employment or unemployment rate.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">highly educated and will have the best job opportunities.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Poor, middle-class, relatively rich and so on.</span></p></li></ul><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">We need these studies or numbers to understand various disparity in society like poverty, illiteracy,unemployment, population disparity, uneducation etc and after understanding the numbers or data, governments are able to make policies or schemes to eradicate these problems. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> An economist can study the data by collecting and putting them at one place to study causes like measuring poverty, how incomes are distributed, how earning opportunities are related to your education, how environmental disasters affect our lives and so on.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Economics is the study, how people and society choose to employ scarce resources that could have alternative uses in order to produce various commodities, that satisfy their wants and to distribute them for consumption, among various persons and groups in society”.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">इन उपरोक्त कारकों के अलावा, आधुनिक अर्थशास्त्र विशेष अध्ययन के लिए देश के सामने आने वाली बुनियादी समस्याओं का भी अध्ययन करता है। य़े हैं:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">साक्षरता या निरक्षरता दर।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">रोजगार या बेरोजगारी दर।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">उच्च शिक्षित और नौकरी के बेहतरीन अवसर ।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">गरीब, मध्यम वर्ग, अपेक्षाकृत अमीर।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">हमें समाज में विभिन्न असमानताओं जैसे गरीबी, निरक्षरता, बेरोजगारी, जनसंख्या असमानता, अशिक्षा आदि को समझने के लिए इन अध्ययनों या संख्याओं की आवश्यकता है और संख्या या डेटा को समझने के बाद सरकारें इन समस्याओं को मिटाने के लिए नीतियां या योजनाएं बनाने में सक्षम हैं।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> एक अर्थशास्त्री आँकड़ों को एकत्रित करके और उन्हें एक स्थान पर रखकर अध्ययन कर सकता है जैसे कि गरीबी को मापना, आय का वितरण कैसे किया जाता है, कमाई के अवसर आपकी शिक्षा से कैसे संबंधित हैं, पर्यावरणीय आपदाएँ हमारे जीवन को कैसे प्रभावित करती हैं आदि।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"अर्थशास्त्र इस बात का अध्ययन है कि कैसे लोग और समाज दुर्लभ संसाधनों को नियोजित करना चुनते हैं जिनका वैकल्पिक उपयोग हो सकता है ताकि विभिन्न वस्तुओं का उत्पादन किया जा सके जो उनकी जरूरतों को पूरा करते हैं और उन्हें समाज में विभिन्न व्यक्तियों और समूहों के बीच उपभोग के लिए वितरित करते हैं"।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">STATISTICS IN ECONOMICS </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Now to study the above topics, we need data to study such economic facts called economic data. After collecting the data one needs to understand that data to explain various hardship or problems causing factors, this whole activity is called analyses of data. Example: when we analyse the hardships of poverty, we try to explain it in terms of the various factors such as unemployment, low productivity of people, backward technology.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">अर्थशास्त्र में सांख्यिकी</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">अब उपरोक्त विषयों का अध्ययन करने के लिए हमें डेटा की आवश्यकता है ऐसे अर्थशास्त्र तथ्यों को आर्थिक डेटा कहा जाता है। डेटा एकत्र करने के बाद किसी को यह समझने की आवश्यकता होती है कि डेटा विभिन्न कठिनाई या समस्या पैदा करने वाले कारकों की व्याख्या करने के लिए, इस पूरी गतिविधि को डेटा का विश्लेषण कहा जाता है। उदाहरण: जब हम गरीबी की कठिनाइयों का विश्लेषण करते हैं, तो हम इसे बेरोजगारी, लोगों की कम उत्पादकता, पिछड़ी प्रौद्योगिकी जैसे विभिन्न कारकों के संदर्भ में समझाने की कोशिश करते हैं।</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">By the help of the data analyses, we try to find those measures that can help to solve an economic problem. In Economics, such measures are known as policies. Hence without data we can't find solutions to problems. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">डेटा विश्लेषण की सहायता से, हम उन उपायों को खोजने का प्रयास करते हैं जो आर्थिक समस्या को हल करने में मदद करते हैं। अर्थशास्त्र में, ऐसे उपायों को नीतियों के रूप में जाना जाता है। इसलिए डेटा के बिना हम समस्या का समाधान नहीं खोज सकते हैं</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">WHAT IS STATISTICS?</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Statistics deals with the collection, analysis, interpretation and presentation of numerical data. It is a branch of mathematics and also used in the disciplines such as accounting, economics, management, physics, finance, psychology and sociology.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">There are two types of data used in economics:</span></p><br /><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Quantitative Data </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">which is expressed in numbers or quantity . For example, a statement in Economics like “the production of rice in India has increased from 39.58 million tonnes in 1974–75 to 106.5 million tonnes in 2013–14, is a quantitative data.</span></p></li></ul><br /><br /><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Qualitative Data</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> There are certain factors or chief characteristics of such information that describe attributes of a single person or a group of persons that are important to record as accurately as possible even though they cannot be measured. Example: An attribute of a person in terms of degrees (like better/worse; sick/ healthy/ more healthy; unskilled/ skilled/ highly skilled). This information is also collected systematically like numerical data. </span></p></li></ul><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">8. Steps in statistics for data:</span></p><ol style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Collection of data like census, form fillings etc.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Presentation of data through graphs, tables etc.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Summarization of data through calculations like mean, modes and medians etc.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Analysis and interpretation of data.</span></p></li></ol><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">अंकशास्त्र क्या है?</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">सांख्यिकी संख्यात्मक डेटा के संग्रह, विश्लेषण, व्याख्या और प्रस्तुति से संबंधित है। यह गणित की एक शाखा है और इसका उपयोग लेखांकन, अर्थशास्त्र, प्रबंधन, भौतिकी, वित्त, मनोविज्ञान और समाजशास्त्र जैसे विषयों में भी किया जाता है।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">अर्थशास्त्र में दो प्रकार के डेटा का उपयोग किया जाता है:</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">मात्रात्मक डेटा</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> जो संख्याओं या मात्रा में व्यक्त किया जाता है। उदाहरण के लिए, अर्थशास्त्र में एक बयान जैसे "भारत में चावल का उत्पादन 1974-75 में 39.58 मिलियन टन से बढ़कर 2013-14 में 106.5 मिलियन टन हो गया है, एक मात्रात्मक डेटा है।</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">गुणात्मक डेटा</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> ऐसी जानकारी के कुछ कारक या मुख्य विशेषताएं हैं जो किसी एक व्यक्ति या व्यक्तियों के समूह की विशेषताओं का वर्णन करती हैं जिन्हें यथासंभव सटीक रूप से रिकॉर्ड करना महत्वपूर्ण है, भले ही उन्हें मापा नहीं जा सकता। उदाहरण: डिग्री के संदर्भ में किसी व्यक्ति की विशेषता (जैसे बेहतर/बदतर; बीमार/स्वस्थ/अधिक स्वस्थ; अकुशल/कुशल/अत्यधिक कुशल)। यह जानकारी भी संख्यात्मक डेटा की तरह व्यवस्थित रूप से एकत्र की जाती है।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">8. डेटा के लिए आँकड़ों में चरण:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">जनगणना, फॉर्म भरने आदि जैसे डेटा का संग्रह।</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">ग्राफ, टेबल आदि के माध्यम से डेटा की प्रस्तुति।</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">माध्य, मोड और माध्यिका आदि जैसी गणनाओं के माध्यम से डेटा का सारांश।</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">डेटा का विश्लेषण और विवेचन।</span></p></li></ul><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">WHAT STATISTICS DOes? </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">These are certain points which a statistical data does:</span></p><br /><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Quantitative data and qualitative data used by economists to study the root cause of problems and to make policies for reforms.</span></p></li></ul><br /><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Statistics enables us to present data in a clear, accurate and easy manner with definite forms and exact. Example: price of rice increased by 10%.</span></p></li></ul><br /><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">It also helps in condensing and summarizing the mass data(by mean, median and mode) so it's easy to understand and conclude. </span></p></li></ul><br /><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Statistics also provides tools to study the relationship between different factors for better understanding and dependency of various factors. Example an economist wants to study the demand for a commodity when its price increases or decreases? Or, would the supply of a commodity be affected by the changes in its own price? Or, consumption expenditure increases when the average income increases? Or, what happens to the general price level when the government expenditure increases? It gives tools and techniques for experiments to economists.</span></p></li></ul><br /><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Economists can give predictions on the basis of these data and the relationship between various factors. Change in one factor can lead to change in the result of another factor. Example how increase in investments increase the national income of a country. Now these predictions help in making policies for the future. </span></p></li></ul><br /><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">सांख्यिकी क्या करते हैं?</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">ये कुछ बिंदु हैं जो एक सांख्यिकीय डेटा करते हैं:</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">सुधार के लिए नीतियां बनाने के लिए समस्याओं के मूल कारण का अध्ययन करने के लिए अर्थशास्त्रियों द्वारा उपयोग किए जाने वाले मात्रात्मक डेटा और गुणात्मक डेटा।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">सांख्यिकी हमें डेटा को निश्चित रूपों और सटीक के साथ स्पष्ट, सटीक और आसान तरीके से प्रस्तुत करने में सक्षम बनाती है। उदाहरण: चावल की कीमत में 10% की वृद्धि हुई।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">यह मास डेटा (माध्य, माध्यिका और मोड द्वारा) को संघनित और सारांशित करने में भी मदद करता है, इसलिए इसे समझना और निष्कर्ष निकालना आसान है।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">सांख्यिकी विभिन्न कारकों की बेहतर समझ और निर्भरता के लिए विभिन्न कारकों के बीच संबंधों का अध्ययन करने के लिए उपकरण भी प्रदान करती है। उदाहरण एक अर्थशास्त्री किसी वस्तु की कीमत बढ़ने या घटने पर उसकी मांग का अध्ययन करना चाहता है? या, क्या किसी वस्तु की आपूर्ति उसकी अपनी कीमत में परिवर्तन से प्रभावित होगी? या, औसत आय बढ़ने पर उपभोग व्यय बढ़ता है? या, जब सरकारी खर्च बढ़ता है तो सामान्य मूल्य स्तर का क्या होता है? यह अर्थशास्त्रियों को प्रयोगों के लिए उपकरण और तकनीक देता है।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">अर्थशास्त्री इन आंकड़ों और विभिन्न कारकों के बीच संबंध के आधार पर भविष्यवाणियां कर सकते हैं। एक कारक में परिवर्तन से दूसरे कारक के परिणाम में परिवर्तन हो सकता है। उदाहरण कैसे निवेश में वृद्धि किसी देश की राष्ट्रीय आय में वृद्धि करती है। अब ये भविष्यवाणियां भविष्य के लिए नीतियां बनाने में मदद करती हैं।</span></p><div><span><br /></span></div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><span>Questions and Answers.</span></div><div><span><br /></span></div><span id="docs-internal-guid-1d86bc85-7fff-7815-867d-51eb84182d5e"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1. Mark the following statements as true or false. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(i) Statistics can only deal with quantitative data. False</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> (ii) Statistics solve economic problems. True</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(iii) Statistics is of no use to Economics without data. True.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1. निम्नलिखित कथनों को सही या गलत के रूप में चिह्नित करें।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(i) सांख्यिकी केवल मात्रात्मक डेटा से निपट सकती है। असत्य</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> (ii) सांख्यिकी आर्थिक समस्याओं का समाधान करती है। सत्य</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(iii) आंकड़ों के बिना सांख्यिकी का अर्थशास्त्र के लिए कोई उपयोग नहीं है। सत्य।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2. Make a list of activities in a bus stand or a marketplace. How many of them are economic activities? </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A- Economics Activities in market place:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Going by public transport and purchasing a ticket.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Buying or selling any kind of goods and services.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Buying food for eating.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Coming back home again by public transport after purchasing a ticket.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2. बस स्टैंड या बाज़ार में गतिविधियों की एक सूची बनाएं। उनमें से कितनी आर्थिक गतिविधियाँ हैं?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">ए- बाजार में आर्थिक गतिविधियां:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">सार्वजनिक परिवहन से जा रहे हैं और टिकट खरीद रहे हैं।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">किसी भी प्रकार के सामान और सेवाओं को खरीदना या बेचना।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">खाने के लिए खाना खरीदना।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">सार्वजनिक परिवहन द्वारा टिकट खरीदकर वापस घर वापस आना।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3. ‘The Government and policy makers use statistical data to formulate suitable policies of economic development’. Illustrate with two examples. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A-The Government and policy makers use statistical data to formulate suitable policies of economic development example- Data collected on poverty analysed in various terms like such as unemployment, low productivity of people, backward technology than government make policies on providing employment, opening technological colleges etc.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Another example is data on female population or ratio against male. Induced government to make policies like beti bachao and beti padhao, money scheme on girl child etc.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3. 'सरकार और नीति निर्माता आर्थिक विकास की उपयुक्त नीतियां बनाने के लिए सांख्यिकीय आंकड़ों का उपयोग करते हैं'। दो उदाहरण देकर समझाइए।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A-सरकार और नीति निर्माता आर्थिक विकास की उपयुक्त नीतियों को तैयार करने के लिए सांख्यिकीय डेटा का उपयोग करते हैं उदाहरण- गरीबी पर एकत्र किए गए डेटा का विभिन्न शब्दों में विश्लेषण किया जाता है जैसे बेरोजगारी, लोगों की कम उत्पादकता, सरकार की तुलना में पिछड़ी तकनीक रोजगार प्रदान करने पर नीतियां बनाती है, तकनीकी कॉलेज खोलना आदि।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">एक अन्य उदाहरण महिला जनसंख्या या पुरुष के अनुपात का डेटा है। बेटी बचाओ और बेटी पढाओ, बालिकाओं पर धन योजना आदि जैसी नीतियां बनाने के लिए सरकार को प्रेरित किया।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">4. “You have unlimited wants and limited resources to satisfy them.” Explain this statement by giving two examples.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A- Every society must decide on how much of each of the many possible goods and services, need to be produced between various requirements in giving resources like a country has produced 20 thousand tons of metal now how to decide how much is required to make military weapons or medical instruments or building infrastructure.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Another example in a given area for agriculture. How or which food crops need to be grown or non food crops. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">4. "आपके पास असीमित इच्छाएं हैं और उन्हें संतुष्ट करने के लिए सीमित संसाधन हैं।" इस कथन को दो उदाहरण देकर स्पष्ट कीजिए।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">उ0- प्रत्येक समाज को यह तय करना होगा कि कितने संभावित वस्तुओं और सेवाओं में से प्रत्येक को संसाधन देने में विभिन्न आवश्यकताओं के बीच उत्पादन करने की आवश्यकता है जैसे कि एक देश ने 20 हजार टन धातु का उत्पादन किया है, अब यह कैसे तय किया जाए कि सैन्य बनाने के लिए कितनी आवश्यकता है हथियार या चिकित्सा उपकरण या बुनियादी ढांचे का निर्माण।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">कृषि के लिए दिए गए क्षेत्र में एक और उदाहरण। कैसे या कौन सी खाद्य फसलें उगाने की जरूरत है या गैर खाद्य फसलें।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">5. How will you choose what you want to be satisfied with? </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A- An human being has unlimited wants and aims to satisfy it, but one has to choose which want is essential in the present time and it can be satisfied in given or present resources at that time.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Example: a person has 1000 rs with him and has many wants like want to buy groceries, want to watch movies at cinema, want to repair his car etc. here this person needs to decide which want is necessary and he/she can be most satisfied in a given resource. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">5. आप कैसे चुनेंगे कि आप किससे संतुष्ट होना चाहते हैं?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">उ0- मनुष्य की असीमित आवश्यकताएँ होती हैं और उसका लक्ष्य उसे संतुष्ट करना होता है, लेकिन उसे चुनना होता है कि वर्तमान समय में कौन सी आवश्यकता आवश्यक है और वह उस समय दिए गए या वर्तमान संसाधनों में संतुष्ट हो सकता है।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">उदाहरण: एक व्यक्ति के पास 1000 रुपये हैं और उसके पास किराने का सामान खरीदना है, सिनेमा में फिल्में देखना चाहता है, अपनी कार की मरम्मत करना चाहता है, आदि। यहां इस व्यक्ति को यह तय करने की जरूरत है कि कौन सी इच्छा जरूरी है और वह सबसे ज्यादा हो सकता है किसी दिए गए संसाधन में संतुष्ट।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">6. What are your reasons for studying Economics? </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A-The basic teaching of Economics is satisfaction of demand in given resources by optimum utilisation.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Scarcity is the root of all economic problems. Had there been no scarcity, there would have been no economic problem, scared resources arise the problem of choice between different commodities that can be produced by those resources. So economics gives solutions to solve these problems by :</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The study of Consumption-In this we know how the consumer decides, given his income and many alternative goods to choose from, what to buy when he knows the prices.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">the study of Production- In this we know how the producer, similarly, chooses what and how to produce for the market.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">the study of Distribution- Production. Finally, we want to know how the national income or the total income arising from what has been produced in the country (called the Gross Domestic Product or GDP) is distributed through wages (and salaries), profits and interest (We will leave aside here income from international trade and investment).</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">6. अर्थशास्त्र पढ़ने के आपके क्या कारण हैं?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A-अर्थशास्त्र का मूल शिक्षण है दिए गए संसाधनों में इष्टतम उपयोग द्वारा मांग की संतुष्टि।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">अभाव सभी आर्थिक समस्याओं की जड़ है। यदि कोई कमी नहीं होती, कोई आर्थिक समस्या नहीं होती, डरे हुए संसाधन विभिन्न वस्तुओं के बीच चयन की समस्या उत्पन्न करते हैं जो उन संसाधनों द्वारा उत्पादित की जा सकती हैं। तो अर्थशास्त्र इन समस्याओं को हल करने के लिए समाधान देता है:</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">उपभोग का अध्ययन-इसमें हम जानते हैं कि उपभोक्ता कैसे निर्णय लेता है, अपनी आय और चुनने के लिए कई वैकल्पिक वस्तुओं को देखते हुए, जब वह कीमतों को जानता है तो क्या खरीदना है।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">उत्पादन का अध्ययन- इसमें हम यह जानते हैं कि उत्पादक किस प्रकार बाजार के लिए क्या और कैसे उत्पादन करता है, का चुनाव करता है।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">वितरण-उत्पादन का अध्ययन। अंत में, हम जानना चाहते हैं कि राष्ट्रीय आय या देश में जो उत्पादन किया गया है (सकल घरेलू उत्पाद या जीडीपी कहा जाता है) से उत्पन्न होने वाली कुल आय को मजदूरी (और वेतन), लाभ और ब्याज के माध्यम से कैसे वितरित किया जाता है (हम यहां एक तरफ छोड़ देंगे अंतर्राष्ट्रीय व्यापार और निवेश से आय)।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">7. Statistical methods are no substitute for common sense. Comment with examples from your daily life. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A- Yes it is true statistical methods are no substitute for common sense example- most of people made budget every month so that they can keep check on expenditure and saving, if every month we find a particular good or services incurring heavy expenditure than its person common sense to analyse the problem and control it, while budget tool or data collected can only gives you figures of expenditure and savings.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Many times statistical data may be biassed or collected in the wrong way. So completely relying on data is also not appropriate. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">7. सांख्यिकीय विधियां सामान्य ज्ञान का कोई विकल्प नहीं हैं। अपने दैनिक जीवन से उदाहरणों के साथ टिप्पणी करें।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A- हाँ यह सच है कि सांख्यिकीय विधियाँ सामान्य ज्ञान का कोई विकल्प नहीं हैं उदाहरण- अधिकांश लोगों ने हर महीने बजट बनाया ताकि वे खर्च और बचत पर रोक लगा सकें, अगर हर महीने हमें कोई विशेष अच्छा या सेवाओं पर उसके व्यक्ति की तुलना में भारी खर्च करना पड़ता है समस्या का विश्लेषण करने और उसे नियंत्रित करने के लिए सामान्य ज्ञान, जबकि बजट उपकरण या एकत्रित डेटा आपको केवल व्यय और बचत के आंकड़े ही दे सकता है।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">कई बार सांख्यिकीय आंकड़े पक्षपाती हो सकते हैं या गलत तरीके से एकत्र किए जा सकते हैं। इसलिए पूरी तरह से डेटा पर निर्भर रहना भी उचित नहीं है।</span></p><div><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div></span><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Summary ends</span></p><br /><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span></p><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></span>Ynothttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17573515841561335765noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2705589226733100549.post-9932388853493908082022-09-03T06:50:00.002-07:002022-09-21T08:59:45.187-07:00NCERT Class 7 Science Chapter 1 Nutrition in Plants,एनसीईआरटी कक्षा 7 विज्ञान अध्याय 1 पौधों में पोषण<p> <span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;">Nutrition in Plants</span></p><span id="docs-internal-guid-5628d9e4-7fff-b1dc-f8d1-035cf3842601"><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">What are nutrients?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and minerals are components of food. These components of food are called nutrients and are necessary for our body. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Every living being required food, Plants can make their own food or synthesis, while animals and human being cant produce their food own, therefore animals and human directly or indirectly depends on plants for their food. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">पोषक तत्व क्या हैं?</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">कार्बोहाइड्रेट, प्रोटीन, वसा, विटामिन और खनिज भोजन के घटक हैं। भोजन के इन घटकों को पोषक तत्व कहा जाता है और ये हमारे शरीर के लिए आवश्यक होते हैं।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">प्रत्येक जीवित प्राणी को भोजन की आवश्यकता होती है, पौधे अपना भोजन स्वयं बना सकते हैं, जबकि पशु और मनुष्य अपना भोजन स्वयं नहीं बना सकते हैं, इसलिए पशु और मानव प्रत्यक्ष या अप्रत्यक्ष रूप से अपने भोजन के लिए पौधों पर निर्भर हैं।</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">MODE OF NUTRITION IN PLANTS </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Plants are only beings who can make food by taking components from surroundings i.e water, crabondixiode, sunlights and other minerals from environments.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Food is one way or mode by which living organisms take nutrition.The nutrients enable living organisms to build their bodies, to grow, to repair damaged parts of their bodies and provide the energy to carry out life processes.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Those living beings who made their own food by taking components or simple substances from the environment are called autotrophic (auto = self; trophos = nourishment) nutrition. Therefore, plants are called autotrophs.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Animals and most other organisms take in food prepared by plants. They are called heterotrophs (heteros) = other.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">पौधों में पोषण का तरीका</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">पौधे केवल ऐसे प्राणी हैं जो पर्यावरण से घटकों यानी पानी, क्रैबोंडिक्सीओड, सूरज की रोशनी और अन्य खनिजों को लेकर भोजन बनाते हैं।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">भोजन एक तरीका है जिसके द्वारा जीवित जीव पोषण लेते हैं। पोषक तत्व जीवित जीवों को अपने शरीर के निर्माण, बढ़ने, उनके शरीर के क्षतिग्रस्त हिस्सों की मरम्मत करने और जीवन प्रक्रियाओं को पूरा करने के लिए ऊर्जा प्रदान करते हैं।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">वे जीव जो पर्यावरण से घटक या साधारण पदार्थ लेकर अपना भोजन स्वयं बनाते हैं, स्वपोषी (स्वत: = स्व; ट्रोफोस = पोषण) पोषण कहलाते हैं। इसलिए पौधों को स्वपोषी कहा जाता है।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">जंतु और अधिकांश अन्य जीव पौधों द्वारा तैयार भोजन ग्रहण करते हैं। उन्हें हेटरोट्रॉफ़ कहा जाता है (हेटरोस = अन्य .)</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">PHOTOSYNTHESIS — FOOD MAKING PROCESS IN PLANTS </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Leaves are the food factories of plants. Therefore, all the raw materials must reach the leaf. Water and minerals present in the soil are absorbed by the roots and transported to the leaves.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Carbon dioxide from air is taken in through the tiny pores present on the surface of leaves. These pores are surrounded by ‘guard cells’. Such pores are called stomata.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">प्रकाश संश्लेषण - पौधों में भोजन बनाने की प्रक्रिया</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">पत्तियाँ पौधों की खाद्य फैक्ट्रियाँ हैं। इसलिए, सभी कच्चे माल को पत्ती तक पहुंचना चाहिए। मिट्टी में मौजूद पानी और खनिजों को जड़ों द्वारा अवशोषित किया जाता है और पत्तियों तक पहुँचाया जाता है।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">हवा से कार्बन डाइऑक्साइड पत्तियों की सतह पर मौजूद छोटे छिद्रों के माध्यम से ली जाती है। ये छिद्र 'रक्षक कोशिकाओं' से घिरे होते हैं। ऐसे छिद्रों को रंध्र कहते हैं।</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Water and other minerals are transported through vessels inside the stems and roots to leaves.The leaves have a green pigment called chlorophyll.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> It helps leaves to capture the energy of the sunlight.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">पानी और अन्य खनिजों को तनों और जड़ों के अंदर जहाजों के माध्यम से पत्तियों तक पहुँचाया जाता है। पत्तियों में एक हरा रंगद्रव्य होता है जिसे क्लोरोफिल कहा जाता है। यह पत्तियों को सूर्य के प्रकाश की ऊर्जा को पकड़ने में मदद करता है</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Since the synthesis of food occurs in the presence of sunlight, it is called photosynthesis.It is a unique process on the earth</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. The solar energy is captured by the leaves and stored in the plant in the form of food. Thus, the sun is the ultimate source of energy for all living organisms.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">चूँकि भोजन का संश्लेषण सूर्य के प्रकाश की उपस्थिति में होता है, इसलिए इसे प्रकाश संश्लेषण कहते हैं। यह पृथ्वी पर एक अनूठी प्रक्रिया है। सौर ऊर्जा पत्तियों द्वारा कब्जा कर ली जाती है और भोजन के रूप में पौधे में जमा हो जाती है। इस प्रकार, सूर्य सभी जीवों के लिए ऊर्जा का अंतिम स्रोत है।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Photosynthesis- there would not be any food if photosynthesis is not there. The survival of almost all living organisms directly or indirectly depends upon the food made by the plants.Oxygen which is essential for the survival of all organisms is produced during photosynthesis, therefore without photosynthesis we can't imagine life on earth.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">प्रकाश-संश्लेषण- यदि प्रकाश-संश्लेषण नहीं होता तो भोजन नहीं होता। लगभग सभी जीवित जीवों का अस्तित्व प्रत्यक्ष या अप्रत्यक्ष रूप से पौधों द्वारा बनाए गए भोजन पर निर्भर करता है। सभी जीवों के अस्तित्व के लिए आवश्यक ऑक्सीजन प्रकाश संश्लेषण के दौरान उत्पन्न होती है, इसलिए प्रकाश संश्लेषण के बिना हम पृथ्वी पर जीवन की कल्पना नहीं कर सकते।</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">During the process oxygen is released. The presence of starch in leaves indicates the occurrence of photosynthesis. Starch is also a carbohydrate. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Algae are green in colour. They contain chlorophyll which gives them the green colour. Algae can also prepare their own food by photosynthesis.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">प्रक्रिया के दौरान ऑक्सीजन निकलती है। पत्तियों में स्टार्च की उपस्थिति प्रकाश संश्लेषण की घटना को इंगित करती है। स्टार्च भी एक कार्बोहाइड्रेट है।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">शैवाल हरे रंग के होते हैं। इनमें क्लोरोफिल होता है जो उन्हें हरा रंग देता है। शैवाल भी प्रकाश संश्लेषण द्वारा अपना भोजन स्वयं बना सकते हैं।</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Synthesis of plant food other than carbohydrates</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Carbohydrates are used to synthesise other components of food such as proteins and fats. Plants synthesise carbohydrates through the process of photosynthesis.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Proteins are nitrogenous substances which contain nitrogen.These are absorbed by the plants along with water. farmers adding fertilisers rich in nitrogen to the soil. In this way the plants fulfil their requirements of nitrogen along with the other constituents.</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">कार्बोहाइड्रेट के अलावा अन्य पौधों के भोजन का संश्लेषण</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">कार्बोहाइड्रेट का उपयोग भोजन के अन्य घटकों जैसे प्रोटीन और वसा के संश्लेषण के लिए किया जाता है। पौधे प्रकाश संश्लेषण की प्रक्रिया के माध्यम से कार्बोहाइड्रेट का संश्लेषण करते हैं।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">प्रोटीन नाइट्रोजनयुक्त पदार्थ होते हैं जिनमें नाइट्रोजन होता है। इन्हें पौधों द्वारा पानी के साथ अवशोषित किया जाता है। नाइट्रोजन से भरपूर उर्वरकों को मिट्टी में मिलाते किसान। इस प्रकार पौधे अन्य घटकों के साथ-साथ नाइट्रोजन की अपनी आवश्यकताओं की पूर्ति करते हैं।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">OTHER MODES OF NUTRITION IN PLANTS</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">There are some plants which do not have chlorophyll. They cannot synthesise food. Like humans and animals such plants depend on the food produced by other plants. They use the heterotrophic mode of nutrition.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Example a plant named Cuscuta (Amarbel). It does not have chlorophyll. It takes ready-made food from the plant on which it is climbing.Cuscuta is called the parasite.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">पौधों में पोषण के अन्य तरीके</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">कुछ पौधे ऐसे होते हैं जिनमें क्लोरोफिल नहीं होता है। वे भोजन का संश्लेषण नहीं कर सकते। मनुष्यों और जानवरों की तरह ऐसे पौधे अन्य पौधों द्वारा उत्पादित भोजन पर निर्भर करते हैं। वे पोषण की विषमपोषी विधि का उपयोग करते हैं। उदाहरण के लिए Cuscuta (Amarbel) नाम का पौधा। इसमें क्लोरोफिल नहीं होता है। यह जिस पौधे पर चढ़ता है, उससे तैयार भोजन लेता है। कुस्कटा को परजीवी कहा जाता है।</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">There are certain plants which can trap insects and digest them. A pitcher plant which has a pitcher-like or jug-like structure is the modified part of the leaf. A leaf above the pitcher acts as lid whenever any insect trapped inside that pitcher, which has hairs inside it which tanges the insect later digestive juices of the plant digest it. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">कुछ पौधे ऐसे होते हैं जो कीड़ों को फँसा सकते हैं और उन्हें पचा सकते हैं। एक घड़े का पौधा जिसमें घड़े जैसी या जग जैसी संरचना होती है, वह पत्ती का संशोधित भाग होता है। घड़े के ऊपर एक पत्ता ढक्कन का काम करता है जब भी उस घड़े के अंदर कोई कीट फंस जाता है, जिसके अंदर बाल होते हैं जो कीट को उलझाते हैं बाद में पौधे के पाचक रस उसे पचा लेते हैं।</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Such insect-eating plants are called insectivorous plants.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">SAPROTROPHS </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">There are certain organisms which absorb the nutrients from dead and decaying matter called saprotrophic nutrition. Such organisms with saprotrophic mode of nutrition are called saprotrophs.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Fungi is one example. Fungi also grows on bread, pickles, leather, clothes and other articles that are left in hot and humid weather for a long time. The fungal spores are generally present in the air. When they land on wet and warm things they germinate and grow.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">ऐसे कीट खाने वाले पौधे कीटभक्षी पौधे कहलाते हैं।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">मृतोपजीवी</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">कुछ ऐसे जीव हैं जो मृत और सड़ने वाले पदार्थों से पोषक तत्वों को अवशोषित करते हैं जिन्हें मृतपोषी पोषण कहते हैं। ऐसे जीव जिनमें मृतपोषी पोषण होता है, मृतपोषी कहलाते हैं।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">कवक एक उदाहरण है। कवक रोटी, अचार, चमड़ा, कपड़े और अन्य वस्तुओं पर भी उगता है जो लंबे समय तक गर्म और आर्द्र मौसम में छोड़े जाते हैं। कवक बीजाणु आमतौर पर हवा में मौजूद होते हैं। जब वे गीली और गर्म चीजों पर उतरते हैं तो वे अंकुरित होते हैं और बढ़ते हैं।</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Symbiosis- It is a process of food sharing or food production where organisms live together and share both shelter and nutrients in exchange without harming each other.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">सिम्बायोसिस</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">- यह भोजन साझा करने या खाद्य उत्पादन की एक प्रक्रिया है जहां जीव एक साथ रहते हैं और एक दूसरे को नुकसान पहुंचाए बिना बदले में आश्रय और पोषक तत्व दोनों साझा करते हैं।</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">For example, certain fungi live inside the roots of plants. The plants provide nutrients to the fungus and, in return, the fungus provides water and certain nutrients.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">उदाहरण के लिए, कुछ कवक पौधों की जड़ों के अंदर रहते हैं। पौधे कवक को पोषक तत्व प्रदान करते हैं और बदले में, कवक पानी और कुछ पोषक तत्व प्रदान करता है।</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">HOW NUTRIENTS ARE REPLENISHED IN THE SOIL </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">As we know plants and crops absorb nutrients like nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus,from soil to grow. While crops need much more nutrients from soils.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">This continued farming and plantation growth sucks out the nutrients from plants. Therefore continued practise of adding nutrients to soil is very important like adding manure and fertilizers. </span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">मिट्टी में पोषक तत्वों की पूर्ति कैसे होती है?</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">जैसा कि हम जानते हैं कि पौधे और फसलें मिट्टी से नाइट्रोजन, पोटेशियम, फास्फोरस जैसे पोषक तत्वों को उगाने के लिए अवशोषित करते हैं। जबकि फसलों को मिट्टी से बहुत अधिक पोषक तत्वों की आवश्यकता होती है।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">यह निरंतर खेती और वृक्षारोपण विकास पौधों से पोषक तत्वों को चूसता है। इसलिए मिट्टी में पोषक तत्वों को जोड़ने का निरंतर अभ्यास बहुत महत्वपूर्ण है जैसे खाद और उर्वरक जोड़ना।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Mainly nitrogen needs to replenish more for this, Farmers grow leguminous plants or crops like gram, peas, moong, beans and other legumes to replenish nitrogen. Now the roots of these plants have a bacterium called Rhizobium.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">इसके लिए मुख्य रूप से नाइट्रोजन को और अधिक भरने की आवश्यकता होती है, किसान नाइट्रोजन की भरपाई के लिए फलीदार पौधे या चना, मटर, मूंग, बीन्स और अन्य फलियां उगाते हैं। अब इन पौधों की जड़ों में राइजोबियम नामक जीवाणु होता है।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rhizobium cannot make its own food. So it often lives in the roots of gram, peas, moong, beans and other legumes and provides them with nitrogen. In return, the plants provide food and shelter to the bacteria. They, thus, have a symbiotic relationship. This association is of great significance for the farmers.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">राइजोबियम अपना भोजन स्वयं नहीं बना सकता। तो यह अक्सर चना, मटर, मूंग, बीन्स और अन्य फलियों की जड़ों में रहता है और उन्हें नाइट्रोजन प्रदान करता है। बदले में, पौधे जीवाणुओं को भोजन और आश्रय प्रदान करते हैं। इस प्रकार, उनका एक सहजीवी संबंध है। किसानों के लिए इस गठबंधन का बहुत महत्व है।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Exercise</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b id="docs-internal-guid-786bffed-7fff-f99e-d7b8-04e10eecfbe3" style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">1. Why do organisms take food?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">A- food is essential for all living organisms. Organisms take food to get nutrients from food which are necessary for our body. It provides nourishment and help in growth & development in organisms. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">2. Distinguish between a parasite and a saprotroph.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">A- Parasite- These organisms feed on living beings without killing them or slowly killing them. They take all nutritions from host organisms to nourish themselves like- a plant called Cuscuta (Amarbel). It does not have chlorophyll. It takes ready-made food from the plant on which it is climbing. The plant on which it climbs is called the host, Cuscuta is called the parasite. Mosquitoes, bed bugs, lice and leeches that suck our blood are also parasites.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">While</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> Saprotroph- these organism’s mode of nutrition in which organisms take in nutrients from dead and decaying matter is called saprotrophic nutrition. Such organisms with saprotrophic mode of nutrition are called saprotrophs. They are not fed on living organisms. like-Fungi also grows on pickles, leather, clothes and other articles that are left in hot and humid weather for a long time.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">1. जीव भोजन क्यों लेते हैं?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">उ0- भोजन सभी जीवों के लिए आवश्यक है। जीव भोजन से पोषक तत्व प्राप्त करने के लिए भोजन लेते हैं जो हमारे शरीर के लिए आवश्यक हैं। यह पोषण प्रदान करता है और जीवों में वृद्धि और विकास में मदद करता है।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">2. परजीवी और मृतपोषी में अंतर स्पष्ट कीजिए।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">उ0- परजीवी- ये जीव सजीवों को बिना मारे या धीरे-धीरे मारे बिना ही खा जाते हैं। वे स्वयं को पोषित करने के लिए मेजबान जीवों से सभी पोषण लेते हैं जैसे- कुस्कटा (अमरबेल) नामक पौधे। इसमें क्लोरोफिल नहीं होता है। यह जिस पौधे पर चढ़ता है, उसी से तैयार भोजन लेता है। जिस पौधे पर चढ़ता है उसे परपोषी कहते हैं, कुस्कुटा को परजीवी कहते हैं। हमारा खून चूसने वाले मच्छर, खटमल, जूँ और जोंक भी परजीवी हैं।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">जबकि</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> मृतपोषी- जीवों की पोषण की वह विधि जिसमें जीव मृत और क्षयकारी पदार्थों से पोषक तत्व ग्रहण करते हैं, मृतपोषी पोषण कहलाते हैं। ऐसे जीव जिनमें मृतपोषी पोषण होता है, मृतपोषी कहलाते हैं। उन्हें जीवित जीवों पर नहीं खिलाया जाता है। जैसे-कवक अचार, चमड़ा, कपड़े और अन्य वस्तुओं पर भी उगता है जो लंबे समय तक गर्म और आर्द्र मौसम में छोड़े जाते हैं।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /></b></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">3. How would you test the presence of starch in leaves? </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">A- You can perform two types of test:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">a</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">-The presence of starch in leaves can be tested by the Iodine test. When we remove chlorophyll from the leaf by boiling it in alcohol and then putting two drops of iodine solution, a colour change to blue indicates the presence of starch.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">b- </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Take two potted plants of the same kind. Keep one in the dark for 72 hours and the other in sunlight. Perform the iodine test with the leaves of both the plants as given below. Now leave the pot which was earlier kept in the dark, undisturbed for 3 – 4 days and perform the iodine test again on its leaves.Put iodine solution on the leaf. Blue-black color will be observed on the leaves of the plant kept in sunlight, which indicates the presence of starch.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 8pt 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Blue-black colour will not be observed on the leaves of plants kept in the darkroom. This indicates the absence of starch.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">4. Give a brief description of the process of synthesis of food in green plants.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">A</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">- Water and minerals present in the soil are absorbed by the roots and transported to the leaves. Water and minerals are transported to the leaves by the vessels which run like pipes throughout the root, the stem, the branches and the leaves.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> Carbon dioxide from air is taken in through the tiny pores present on the surface of leaves. The leaves have a green pigment called chlorophyll. It helps leaves to capture the energy of the sunlight. This energy is used to synthesise (prepare) food from carbon dioxide and water. Since the synthesis of food occurs in the presence of sunlight, it is called photosynthesis.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">3. आप पत्तियों में स्टार्च की उपस्थिति का परीक्षण कैसे करेंगे?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">ए- आप दो प्रकार के परीक्षण कर सकते हैं:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">a-पत्तियों में स्टार्च की उपस्थिति का परीक्षण आयोडीन परीक्षण द्वारा किया जा सकता है। जब हम क्लोरोफिल को शराब में उबालकर पत्ती से निकालते हैं और फिर आयोडीन के घोल की दो बूंदें डालते हैं, तो रंग का नीला होना स्टार्च की उपस्थिति को इंगित करता है।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">ख- एक ही तरह के दो गमले वाले पौधे लें। एक को 72 घंटे के लिए अंधेरे में और दूसरे को धूप में रखें। नीचे दिए गए अनुसार दोनों पौधों की पत्तियों से आयोडीन परीक्षण करें। अब गमले को 3 से 4 दिन तक अँधेरे में छोड़ दें और उसकी पत्तियों पर फिर से आयोडीन परीक्षण करें। पत्ते पर आयोडीन का घोल डालें। पौधे की पत्तियों पर नीला-काला रंग दिखाई देगा। सूर्य का प्रकाश, जो स्टार्च की उपस्थिति को इंगित करता है।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">अँधेरे कमरे में रखे पौधों की पत्तियों पर नीला-काला रंग नहीं दिखेगा। यह स्टार्च की अनुपस्थिति को इंगित करता है।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">4. हरे पौधों में भोजन के संश्लेषण की प्रक्रिया का संक्षिप्त विवरण दें।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">उ0- मिट्टी में उपस्थित जल एवं खनिज लवण जड़ों द्वारा अवशोषित कर पत्तियों तक पहुँचाये जाते हैं। जल एवं खनिज लवणों का परिवहन उन बर्तनों द्वारा होता है जो पाइप की तरह जड़, तना, टहनियों तथा पत्तियों में चलते हैं।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> हवा से कार्बन डाइऑक्साइड पत्तियों की सतह पर मौजूद छोटे छिद्रों के माध्यम से ली जाती है। पत्तियों में एक हरा रंगद्रव्य होता है जिसे क्लोरोफिल कहा जाता है। यह पत्तियों को सूर्य के प्रकाश की ऊर्जा को पकड़ने में मदद करता है। इस ऊर्जा का उपयोग कार्बन डाइऑक्साइड और पानी से भोजन को संश्लेषित (तैयार) करने के लिए किया जाता है। चूँकि भोजन का संश्लेषण सूर्य के प्रकाश की उपस्थिति में होता है, इसलिए इसे प्रकाश संश्लेषण कहते हैं।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">5. Show with the help of a sketch that plants are the ultimate source of food?</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">A-</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 173px; overflow: hidden; width: 132px;"><img height="173" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/8QmAyFf9IdRr2EMABgiBLHh9SaNRqSKyMs2-tQxyL9AscMwmbVtpmt7OUbuhqO7672As99poWPQgAXPh-9IdgEedjJ5S4gckUKUJYzFWR-j6vOqLSifUhqwptg3Tv8QG2uChGHVYm6nVp6gcgnRW-azSgjE-3nP2IkQMI0-jMiifJZfbJ7mZUGI23w" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="132" /></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 165px; overflow: hidden; width: 192px;"><img height="165" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/eIHkpiaNVF9gsfWcsHTBgJkFYcKW0xXdLm7gO_bll0blkW7f5usRpN3BN9jygGnod-z72R3FZGO-r9of7vpNJ_H2xWVd1BeocAVj8iHLXMvdPZDzlfuWxb_la_anwCw-2S3wvCFPOGsnOuFSShgjvnrDWe3DqwJlU0WJV6cuG6ffnDIuxb_Yayj4CA" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="192" /></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /><br /></b></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">6. Fill in the blanks: </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">A-(a) Green plants are called</span><span style="-webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> Autotrophs</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> since they synthesise their own food.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> (b) The food synthesised by plants is stored as </span><span style="-webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">starch</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">(c) In photosynthesis solar energy is absorbed by the pigment called </span><span style="-webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">chlorophyll</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">(d) During photosynthesis plants take in </span><span style="-webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">carbon dioxide</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> and release</span><span style="-webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> oxygen </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">gas. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">5. एक रेखाचित्र की सहायता से दिखाइए कि पौधे भोजन के अंतिम स्रोत हैं?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">ए-</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /><br /></b></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">6. रिक्त स्थानों की पूर्ति कीजिए :</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">A-(a) हरे पौधे स्वपोषी कहलाते हैं क्योंकि वे अपना भोजन स्वयं संश्लेषित करते हैं।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> (बी) पौधों द्वारा संश्लेषित भोजन स्टार्च के रूप में संग्रहीत किया जाता है।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">(सी) प्रकाश संश्लेषण में सौर ऊर्जा क्लोरोफिल नामक वर्णक द्वारा अवशोषित होती है।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">(डी) प्रकाश संश्लेषण के दौरान पौधे कार्बन डाइऑक्साइड लेते हैं और ऑक्सीजन गैस छोड़ते हैं।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /></b></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">7. Name the following:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> A-(i) A parasitic plant with yellow, slender and branched stem- </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Cuscuta</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> (ii) A plant that is partially autotrophic-</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> Pitcher plant</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> (iii) The pores through which leaves exchange gases-</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> Stomata</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">8. Tick the correct answer:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">A- (a) Cuscuta is an example of-parasite </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">(b) The plant which traps and feeds on insects is- pitcher plant</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">7. निम्नलिखित का नाम बताइए:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> A-(i) पीले, पतले और शाखित तना वाला एक परजीवी पौधा- Cuscuta</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> (ii) एक पौधा जो आंशिक रूप से स्वपोषी है- पिचर प्लांट</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> (iii) वे छिद्र जिनसे होकर गैसों का आदान-प्रदान होता है- स्टोमेटा</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">8. सही उत्तर पर निशान लगाएँ:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">उ0—(क) कुस्कटा परजीवी का उदाहरण है</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">(बी) वह पौधा जो कीड़ों को फँसाता है और खिलाता है- घड़े का पौधा</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /><br /></b></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">9. Match the items given in </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">A-</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Chlorophyll- </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Roboto,sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Leaf</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Nitrogen -Rhizobium</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Cuscuta-Parasite </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Animals-Heterotrophs </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Insects -Pitcher plant</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">10. Mark ‘T’ if the statement is true and ‘F’ if it is false: </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">(i) Carbon dioxide is released during photosynthesis - F</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> (ii) Plants which synthesise their food are called saprotrophs-F </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">(iii) The product of photosynthesis is not a protein-T</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">(iv) Solar energy is converted into chemical energy during photosynthesis- T</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">9. में दी गई वस्तुओं को सुमेलित कीजिए</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">A- क्लोरोफिल- पत्ती</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">नाइट्रोजन - राइजोबियम</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">कुस्कटा-परजीवी</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">पशु-विषमपोषी</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">कीट - घड़े का पौधा</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">10. यदि कथन सत्य है तो 'T' और असत्य होने पर 'F' अंकित करें:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">(i) प्रकाश संश्लेषण के दौरान कार्बन डाइऑक्साइड निकलता है - F</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> (ii) पौधे जो अपने भोजन का संश्लेषण करते हैं, मृतोपजीवी-F . कहलाते हैं</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">(iii) प्रकाश संश्लेषण का उत्पाद प्रोटीन नहीं है-T</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">(iv) प्रकाश संश्लेषण के दौरान सौर ऊर्जा रासायनिक ऊर्जा में परिवर्तित हो जाती है- T</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /></b></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">11. Choose the correct option from the following: Which part of the plant takes in carbon dioxide from the air for photosynthesis?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">A- (iii) Leaf veins</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">12. Choose the correct option from the following: Plants take carbon dioxide from the atmosphere mainly through their:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">A- (iv) leaves</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">11. निम्नलिखित में से सही विकल्प चुनें: पौधे का कौन सा भाग प्रकाश संश्लेषण के लिए हवा से कार्बन डाइऑक्साइड लेता है?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">A- (iii) पत्ती शिराएं</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">12. निम्नलिखित में से सही विकल्प का चयन करें: पौधे मुख्य रूप से अपने माध्यम से वातावरण से कार्बन डाइऑक्साइड लेते हैं:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">ए- (iv) पत्ते</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">13. Why do farmers grow many fruits and vegetable crops inside large green houses? What are the advantages to the farmers? </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">A</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">- The main purpose of greenhouses is </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">to provide favourable growing conditions and to protect crops from unfavourable weather and various pests</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">. Greenhouse farming is a broad term that involves various types of sheltered structures.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">The advantages to the farmers are:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Greenhouse farming can increase crop production because farmers can create the best climate conditions needed for plant growth.</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Being grown in closed space, it prevents crops from suffering damage from extreme climate-related events such as sudden increases or drops in temperature. It can also help keep away birds and animals that may harm crops.</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Greenhouses can prevent problems such as pests as well as provide more control against other diseases.</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">It allows the growing of crops all year-round instead of just seasonally and the greenhouse's protected environment provides a safe and stable condition. </span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">13. किसान बड़े हरित गृहों के अंदर कई फल और सब्जियों की फसलें क्यों उगाते हैं? किसानों के लिए क्या फायदे हैं?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">उ0- ग्रीनहाउस का मुख्य उद्देश्य अनुकूल बढ़ती परिस्थितियों को प्रदान करना और प्रतिकूल मौसम और विभिन्न कीटों से फसलों की रक्षा करना है। ग्रीनहाउस खेती एक व्यापक शब्द है जिसमें विभिन्न प्रकार की आश्रय संरचनाएं शामिल हैं।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">किसानों के लिए फायदे हैं:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">ग्रीनहाउस खेती से फसल उत्पादन में वृद्धि हो सकती है क्योंकि किसान पौधों की वृद्धि के लिए आवश्यक सर्वोत्तम जलवायु परिस्थितियों का निर्माण कर सकते हैं।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">बंद जगह में उगाए जाने के कारण, यह फसलों को अत्यधिक जलवायु से संबंधित घटनाओं जैसे तापमान में अचानक वृद्धि या गिरावट से होने वाले नुकसान से बचाता है। यह पक्षियों और जानवरों को दूर रखने में भी मदद कर सकता है जो फसलों को नुकसान पहुंचा सकते हैं।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">ग्रीनहाउस कीटों जैसी समस्याओं को रोकने के साथ-साथ अन्य बीमारियों के खिलाफ अधिक नियंत्रण प्रदान कर सकते हैं।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">यह केवल मौसमी के बजाय पूरे वर्ष फसलों को उगाने की अनुमति देता है और ग्रीनहाउस का संरक्षित वातावरण एक सुरक्षित और स्थिर स्थिति प्रदान करता है।</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Summary Ends</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">सारांश समाप्त</span></p><br /><br /></span>Ynothttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17573515841561335765noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2705589226733100549.post-65508822904294622742022-09-03T06:46:00.002-07:002022-09-03T06:46:32.317-07:00N.C.E.R.T science Chapter- digestive system in human, N.C.E.R.T विज्ञान अध्याय- मानव में पाचन तंत्र,<p> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Mouth to digestion.</span></p><span id="docs-internal-guid-22b60494-7fff-25a0-f68f-03f440a79f4f"><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Have you ever thought :</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Why do we find different tastes in different foods?</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Where does food go when we eat?</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">How does food digest in our body?</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Why do loose motion's patients give glucose as a quick relief?</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> What is healthy food?</span></p></li></ul><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">कभी सोचा है :</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">हमें अलग-अलग खाद्य पदार्थों में अलग-अलग स्वाद क्यों मिलते हैं?</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">जब हम खाते हैं तो खाना कहाँ जाता है?</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">हमारे शरीर में भोजन कैसे पचता है?</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">लूज मोशन के मरीज जल्दी राहत के रूप में ग्लूकोज क्यों देते हैं?</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">जब हम अपना पसंदीदा खाना देखते हैं तो हमारे मुंह में पानी क्यों आता है?</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> स्वस्थ भोजन क्या है?</span></p></li></ul><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Let's find out answers of every question:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">आइए जानें हर सवाल का जवाब:</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Why do we find different tastes in different foods?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">हमें अलग-अलग खाद्य पदार्थों में अलग-अलग स्वाद क्यों मिलते हैं?</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The answer of this question is lies in different tissues of tongues </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">इस प्रश्न का उत्तर जीभ के विभिन्न ऊतकों में निहित है</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In this picture we can easily see why we find different tastes in our mouth. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">इस तस्वीर में हम आसानी से देख सकते हैं कि हमारे मुंह में अलग-अलग स्वाद क्यों आते हैं।</span></p><br /><br /><br /><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 190px; overflow: hidden; width: 216px;"><img height="190" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/KlvXcaTWGfvvTM-6V59arJU1N-h2pskP-RCCdmqmPGk27T_jI-3WKn02pqZ4EOL6pQau3ICy5RR4vzg3knGSLb96Tr-kjprNFWfyx0PJnV1ZM08OVx3c-pDdifqPtd_XKurZtBwVE5nK6br2O-sVc7NtE231RiqGPJ6Myrta6GQgAsKYZ2RAz7FN" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="216" /></span><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Here are some food items which taste like these taste buds:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">यहाँ कुछ खाद्य पदार्थ दिए गए हैं जिनका स्वाद इन स्वाद कलिकाओं की तरह है:</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="border: none; clear: left; display: inline-block; float: left; height: 127px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; overflow: hidden; width: 101px;"><img height="127" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/PkupjP-ConPMZLVO4pQn7gQ3QooIDH7WNxejW77RToeIB3P2XJwe_zMNGusWxFiud8RRzQPINo2Iw-D51U0YiuTU0QW8PGibtxXNaG3enZS7ehmclWfvBB_LW5ma4IGrWmh-WvRCbOm5nWg7ivInJqlZcGOpgZQC6Mi_zrxrrMWYJU1SLTTaE_DO" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="101" /></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Sour</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap;">खट्टा </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="border: none; clear: left; display: inline-block; float: left; height: 126px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; overflow: hidden; width: 115px;"><img height="126" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/gfCur_8UFTfW2ncu0-Fxc3FIz6oYLXwtnpdcGhNIfvlwF_osKeViiWlYoXRlFiQeGvifZ9vaWs2KM2JLvIhl58zgW2cgdZjHgRIhW4bcG2Mg_zytk87gTQgkMzsQh4vus03ELUJ2eRFwE-jandrDB2nIWE2mbl-xZYLKmI-4PF8lDPzmdFz_nUjv" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="115" /></span><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> मीठा </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Sweet</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span></p><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="border: none; clear: left; display: inline-block; float: left; height: 121px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; overflow: hidden; width: 109px;"><img height="121" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/Jr7l5I3EM-yYoMJMePRgx4IExe9UysdB-NyDjxH21xx2OFeQbkto275p34PV7MJtb2iKrZwbF5GrPKjJ6lyne5wBMKL33hdbmQiiXqkWs8elbd61MFvSeSmKsTJnDqfn4NXFWFYfcbwjPFIuAuDSpDET8PRG1E5iZbu7t8HfKFSBnnK-5UdyOtoD" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="109" /></span><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> कड़वा </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bitter</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span></p><br /><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 96px; overflow: hidden; width: 135px;"><img height="96" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/DM7ZCT9RrjjQFtlYy3h3C8YAo23Vl2M4oUHAsFdBDwysEgAPa4NTKGv2ZgFElhVNmq_KTIz9artRQpQNvJYZjwpegIAO4XiaiSFadVNPUMY8meuSnTQa0rmWbf_T-e5fx6F8MKmTenmA_lnPsNV37wsHeQDsE7Q_Jjwn0YtcHJal_JyRcxx0FXiu" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="135" /></span><br /><br /><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">नमकीन</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Salty</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">We humans are capable of experiencing different tastes at a single time.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">हम मनुष्य एक ही समय में विभिन्न स्वादों का अनुभव करने में सक्षम हैं।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Example when you eat dahi bhalle, it has many flavours at once: spicey, sweet and salty.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">उदाहरण के लिए जब आप दही भल्ले खाते हैं, तो इसमें एक साथ कई स्वाद होते हैं: मसालेदार, मीठा और नमकीन। </span><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 91px; overflow: hidden; width: 117px;"><img height="91" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/Ik-r2G4oVAmfjV9sbb8KsbAQfpNibhgQWdjLo5rgpD4L6R8D0uCpapfa6ZCbHSlijhJoiL2bl19TekcNRMVLJP0gZi9iGPwwLu3em8RtT6GFjXlxQI1ZXWIPz5K72Im-L2_mDnFj5g_uIb7ZUfsu448cKJU_dFssSu1u19AksSDPMEYCrZW80EYI" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="117" /></span></p><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Have we ever thought about why we aren't able to taste food when we have a cold?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Reason is that tasting a food doesn't only involve a sense of taste but also a sense of smell. That's why,</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Cold temporarily damages your sense of smell and thus your ability to perceive flavor.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">क्या हमने कभी इस बारे में सोचा है कि सर्दी होने पर हम भोजन का स्वाद क्यों नहीं ले पाते हैं?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">कारण यह है कि किसी भोजन को चखने में न केवल स्वाद की भावना बल्कि गंध की भावना भी शामिल होती है। इसलिए, </span><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">ठंड अस्थायी रूप से आपकी गंध की भावना को नुकसान पहुंचाती है और इस प्रकार स्वाद को समझने की आपकी क्षमता को नुकसान पहुंचाती है।</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Where does food go when we eat?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">जब हम खाते हैं तो खाना कहाँ जाता है?</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">This is our digestive system and process:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">When we put food in our mouth it goes through the food pipe then moves to the stomach, liver, gallbladder,pancreas and rest waste passes through the small intestine then the large intestine to rectum.</span><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 183px; overflow: hidden; width: 229px;"><img height="183" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/reWpRbQh8e8FiehZQwt3gvCr2JjOh-hZzXQXkq50QU66xsKvw2Xmv33DfRNCaO70cYR1oNCoC9ZBrWtUTTwufRcV0Vmis7gZXf3xSeVCAQaPBRqrobg7HtVuKKsXYfW_tlH8dR7GTxFWsKdkKQZ06HlSHyYyyso8WPQoLD18R3w-fyUJS97DESK1" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="229" /></span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">यह है हमारा पाचन तंत्र और प्रक्रिया:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">जब हम भोजन को अपने मुंह में डालते हैं तो यह भोजन नली से होकर पेट, यकृत, पित्ताशय, अग्न्याशय में चला जाता है और शेष अपशिष्ट छोटी आंत और फिर बड़ी आंत से मलाशय में चला जाता है।</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">How does food digest in our body?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">हमारे शरीर में भोजन कैसे पचता है?</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Food digestion starts as soon as we put food in our mouth, chewing food is the first step towards digestion.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">We must chew our food in a good way, it is said at least 32 times so that nutrients of food and saliva of our mouth mix well and the rest of the digestion process becomes easy and we get most nutrients from our food. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">भोजन को मुंह में डालते ही भोजन का पाचन शुरू हो जाता है, भोजन को चबाना ही पाचन की दिशा में पहला कदम है।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">हमें अपने भोजन को अच्छे तरीके से चबाना चाहिए, ऐसा कम से कम 32 बार कहा जाता है ताकि भोजन के पोषक तत्व और हमारे मुंह की लार अच्छी तरह मिल जाए और बाकी पाचन प्रक्रिया आसान हो जाए और हमें अपने भोजन से अधिकांश पोषक तत्व मिलें।</span></p><br /><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 131px; overflow: hidden; width: 208px;"><img height="131" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/_4ftSI28N1is4xEZ_Uviu4amDj8-qM9EUKBxhI3jmJMCTP-rOjRhhjrawaGTEXc2UFVkIgbgKjxpj9sllC5ww7z2_6udtymRNQNQYLHxnbxaol2dKTgdcRotnXAiyXO9kF-KsLuqUu4h0Yi-x4lX5u-_4ehYcFx48cbNZTjYkBlxwK-W_Pyx2JR8" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="208" /></span><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Many animals chew their food for a long time,so that their food gets easily digested like cows and buffaloes. Komodo dragons attack its predator and bite them and leave them for days before eating, because its saliva is so toxic he is able to digest its food easily. This is why chewing is important. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">कई जानवर अपने भोजन को लंबे समय तक चबाते हैं ताकि गाय और भैंस की तरह उनका भोजन आसानी से पच जाए। कोमोडो ड्रेगन अपने शिकारी पर हमला करते हैं और उन्हें काटते हैं और खाने से पहले कुछ दिनों के लिए छोड़ देते हैं, क्योंकि इसकी लार इतनी जहरीली होती है कि वह अपने भोजन को आसानी से पचा लेता है। इसलिए चबाना जरूरी है।</span></p><br /><br /><br /><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 150px; overflow: hidden; width: 263px;"><img height="150" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/cIJvMq1PElwPFM2wEF_RsdOVb7e_k63EhAT6SOn2g4MeyLSo9PUQ1b0sJyaHdA_4RvN7JEhigBGspWsbthmoN3Y4Ltx59qE439PCMzv21SHydzZW2LO0Rhfes3yPC7kaqKFF6skIk9pkN3IeDvK_qh9SqUtmdlkAMiB8UgpFqDP5sloKATG5XQqi" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="263" /></span><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Why do loose motion's patients give glucose as a quick relief?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">लूज मोशन के मरीज जल्दी राहत के रूप में ग्लूकोज क्यों देते हैं?</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Whenever we feel hungry we feel dizziness, weird pain in our stomach, headache and sometimes we also feel nausea.why all this happen? because </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Answer is due to heightened digestive engymes.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">जब भी हमें भूख लगती है हमें चक्कर आते हैं, हमारे पेट में अजीब दर्द होता है, सिरदर्द होता है और कभी-कभी हमें जी मिचलाना भी लगता है। यह सब क्यों होता है? इसलिये</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">उत्तर बढ़े हुए पाचक एन्जाइमों के कारण होता है।</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">These digestive enzymes of a body help to break down food into energy that is called glucose, every food or edible thing we eat is converted into glucose.</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Glucose is a pure form of sugar and energy.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">शरीर के ये पाचक एंजाइम भोजन को ऊर्जा में तोड़ने में मदद करते हैं जिसे ग्लूकोज कहा जाता है, हमारे द्वारा खाया जाने वाला प्रत्येक भोजन या खाद्य पदार्थ ग्लूकोज में परिवर्तित हो जाता है। </span><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">ग्लूकोज चीनी और ऊर्जा का शुद्ध रूप है।</span><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 205px; overflow: hidden; width: 205px;"><img height="205" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/A2orehcrCjgxE13Jllv70Kxp4XUGCSEGqzxZ4Da1-gT638LbwZwxOoThhMNCO8E4xyA-tUOpsEz4Lm_3X4sByNTNOxl7Ja1D7vqdnrdT6w7QbzdnjpXkIkby79dUzbPMf4M8BdyVkcSfnkSwM-uws6wVHGWue_0U_3yzbMvBtnIw-5YqhXXfyO_L" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="205" /></span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Because of this whenever we get sick due to loose motions and vomiting we have to take salt and sugar water or ORS mixture, if a person is out of excessive water loss from the body. </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Doctor gives them glucose drip directly into veins for instant relief. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">इस वजह से जब भी दस्त और उल्टी के कारण हम बीमार हो जाते हैं तो हमें नमक और चीनी का पानी या ओआरएस का मिश्रण लेना पड़ता है, अगर किसी व्यक्ति के शरीर से पानी की अत्यधिक कमी हो जाती है।</span><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">डॉक्टर उन्हें तुरंत राहत के लिए ग्लूकोज ड्रिप सीधे नसों में डालते हैं।</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">What is healthy food</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Nowadays very much importance is given to our fitness and eating healthy food. how we categorise a food in a healthy bracket- those foods which are unprocessed and cooked fresh or plugged out fresh from farms are covered under healthy food.</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Whenever we feel sick we have to eat healthy food, for good health, for this we need to have a balanced diet: fruits, vegetables, pulses, grains , milk products, basically a balanced diet.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">आजकल हमारी फिटनेस और स्वस्थ भोजन खाने को बहुत महत्व दिया जाता है। हम भोजन को स्वस्थ कोष्ठक में कैसे वर्गीकृत करते हैं- वे खाद्य पदार्थ जो असंसाधित हैं और ताजा पकाए गए हैं या खेतों से ताजा निकाले गए हैं, वे स्वस्थ भोजन के अंतर्गत आते हैं</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">। जब भी हम बीमार महसूस करते हैं तो हमें स्वस्थ भोजन करना पड़ता है, अच्छे स्वास्थ्य के लिए, इसके लिए हमें संतुलित आहार लेने की आवश्यकता होती है: फल, सब्जियां, दालें, अनाज, दूध उत्पाद, मूल रूप से एक संतुलित आहार।</span></p><br /><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 255px; overflow: hidden; width: 279px;"><img height="255" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/WEPTa9kLIK1WrtPDe4IZUhZ9aaIIE5LwqJu-sHdf0WiFbPldOdP4yMUH4Ye3UuRbUY7kj0XMEI1hQDyI5MgQyRiRQYwHyGKocArwlg-YYH_6dE33bZHIRc21rTH0j9alFKQuvOF1yBQBjPXXxEE-cppXy2aLIikIzTR9b9NNap8GzoMyD-ZrgTZR" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="279" /></span><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span></p><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Foods like burger pizza package foods are considered as a healthy food because they have unprocessed or processed food which is made by mixing lots of artificial chemical, colours. This food is hard to digest </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">बर्गर पिज्जा पैकेज वाले खाद्य पदार्थों को एक स्वस्थ भोजन माना जाता है क्योंकि उनमें असंसाधित या प्रसंस्कृत भोजन होता है जो बहुत सारे कृत्रिम रसायनों, रंगों को मिलाकर बनाया जाता है। यह खाना पचने में मुश्किल होता है</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><div><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div></span>Ynothttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17573515841561335765noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2705589226733100549.post-35473129758853796042022-09-03T06:33:00.003-07:002022-09-03T06:33:47.548-07:00NCERT Class 7 History Social Science Chapter 6 Towns, Traders And Craftspersons, एनसीईआरटी कक्षा 7 इतिहास सामाजिक विज्ञान अध्याय 6 नगर, व्यापारी और शिल्पकार<p><span style="color: red;"> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; font-weight: 700; text-align: center; white-space: pre-wrap;">TOWNS, TRADERS AND CRAFTSPERSONS</span></span></p><span id="docs-internal-guid-564e3fc8-7fff-2287-a334-21548824e521"><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Types of town during mediaeval period :</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-checked="false" aria-level="1" dir="ltr" role="checkbox" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">a temple town</span></p></li><li aria-checked="false" aria-level="1" dir="ltr" role="checkbox" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> an administrative centre</span></p></li><li aria-checked="false" aria-level="1" dir="ltr" role="checkbox" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> a commercial town</span></p></li><li aria-checked="false" aria-level="1" dir="ltr" role="checkbox" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">a port town</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Many towns were mixed like they were administrative centres, temple towns, as well as centres of commercial activities and craft production. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">मध्यकाल में नगरों के प्रकार :</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">एक मंदिर शहर</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> एक प्रशासनिक केंद्र</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> एक व्यावसायिक शहर</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">एक बंदरगाह शहर</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">कई नगर मिश्रित थे जैसे वे प्रशासनिक केंद्र, मंदिर शहर, साथ ही वाणिज्यिक गतिविधियों और शिल्प उत्पादन के केंद्र थे।</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Let’s understand one example of an administrative town of a dynasty, the Chola dynasty.Thanjavur, the capital of the Cholas, as it was a thousand years ago.</span></p><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">This beautiful town is settled near kaveri river.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">the Rajarajeshvara temple built by King Rajaraja Chola. The townspeople are all praise for its architect Kunjaramallan Rajaraja Perunthachchan who has proudly carved his name on the temple wall. Inside is a massive Shiva linga.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">There were palaces with mandapas or pavilions where kings hold meetings and issue orders to their subordinates. There were also buildings for soldiers.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">There were markets in town selling grain, spices, cloth and jewellery.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Water supply for the town comes from wells and tanks.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Weaver of thanjavur called the saliya produced cloth for flags to be used in the temple festival, fine cottons for the king and nobility and coarse cotton for the masses.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Svamimalai, the sthapatis or sculptors, are making exquisite bronze idols and tall, ornamental bell, metal lamps.</span></p></li></ol><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">आइए एक राजवंश के प्रशासनिक शहर, चोल वंश के एक उदाहरण को समझते हैं। तंजावुर, चोलों की राजधानी, जैसा कि एक हजार साल पहले था।</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">यह खूबसूरत शहर कावेरी नदी के पास बसा है।</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">राजा राजराज चोल द्वारा निर्मित राजराजेश्वर मंदिर। शहरवासी इसके वास्तुकार कुंजारामल्लन राजराजा पेरुन्थाचचन की प्रशंसा कर रहे हैं, जिन्होंने गर्व से मंदिर की दीवार पर अपना नाम उकेरा है। अंदर एक विशाल शिव लिंग है।</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">मंडप या मंडप वाले महल हैं जहाँ राजा बैठकें करते हैं और अपने अधीनस्थों को आदेश जारी करते हैं। सैनिकों के लिए भवन भी थे।</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">शहर में अनाज, मसाले, कपड़ा और आभूषण बेचने वाले बाजार थे।</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> शहर के लिए पानी की आपूर्ति कुओं और टैंकों से होती है।</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">तंजावुर के बुनकर ने सालिया को मंदिर के उत्सव में इस्तेमाल होने वाले झंडे के लिए कपड़े, राजा के लिए बढ़िया सूती कपड़े और जनता के लिए कुलीन और मोटे सूती कपड़े कहा।</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">स्वामीमलाई, स्थापति या मूर्तिकार, उत्कृष्ट कांस्य की मूर्तियाँ और लम्बे, सजावटी बेल धातु के दीपक बना रहे हैं।</span></p></li></ul><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Temple towns and Pilgrimage Centres </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Temple towns were the towns where the most important temples of the kingdom were constructed. Kings demonstrate their devotion,power and wealth through temples.Temple towns represent a very important pattern of urbanisation, kings used to give huge donations to temples for rituals, feeding to pilgrimage, priests and celebrating festivals.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Temple authorities used their wealth to finance trade and banking; a large number of priests, workers, artisans, traders, etc. settled near the temple to cater to its needs and those of the pilgrims. Some names of temple towns were:</span></p><br /><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bhillasvamin (Bhilsa or Vidisha in Madhya Pradesh)</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Somnath, Gujarat.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Kanchipuram and Madurai, Tamil Nadu</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Vrindavan, Uttar Pradesh</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Tiruvannamalai,Tamil Nadu</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ajmer (first it was capital of Chauhan kings in 12th century then it became the main pilgrimage in 12th century by Khwaja Muinuddin Chishti,the celebrated Sufi saint.) and Pushkar, Rajasthan.</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">मंदिर नगर और तीर्थ केंद्र</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">मंदिर नगर वे नगर थे जहाँ राज्य के सबसे महत्वपूर्ण मंदिरों का निर्माण किया गया था। राजा मंदिरों के माध्यम से अपनी भक्ति, शक्ति और धन का प्रदर्शन करते हैं। मंदिर शहर शहरीकरण के एक बहुत ही महत्वपूर्ण पैटर्न का प्रतिनिधित्व करते हैं, राजा मंदिरों को अनुष्ठानों, तीर्थयात्राओं, पुजारियों को खिलाने और त्योहारों को मनाने के लिए भारी दान देते थे।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">मंदिर के अधिकारियों ने अपने धन का इस्तेमाल व्यापार और बैंकिंग के वित्तपोषण के लिए किया; मंदिर की और तीर्थयात्रियों की जरूरतों को पूरा करने के लिए बड़ी संख्या में पुजारी, कार्यकर्ता, कारीगर, व्यापारी आदि मंदिर के पास बस गए। मंदिर नगरों के कुछ नाम थे:</span></p><br /><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">भिलास्वामिन (मध्य प्रदेश में भीलसा या विदिशा)</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">सोमनाथ, गुजरात</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">कांचीपुरम और मदुरै, तमिलनाडु</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">तिरुपति, आंध्र प्रदेश</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">वृंदावन, उत्तर प्रदेश</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">तिरुवन्नामलाई, तमिलनाडु</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">अजमेर (पहले यह 12वीं शताब्दी में चौहान राजाओं की राजधानी थी, फिर 12वीं शताब्दी में प्रसिद्ध सूफी संत ख्वाजा मुइनुद्दीन चिश्ती द्वारा यह मुख्य तीर्थ बन गया।) और पुष्कर, राजस्थान।</span></p></li></ul><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A Network of Small Towns</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">There were two types of markets in large town at that time:</span></p><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Mandapika (or mandi of later times) to which nearby villagers brought their produce to sell.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hatta (haat of later times)- these are market streets lined with shops.</span></p></li></ol><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">There are other street markets which had different kinds of sellers like- Different kinds of artisans such as potters, oil pressers, sugar makers, toddy makers, smiths, stonemasons.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Many sellers and traders resided in town or they travelled to different towns to buy and sell their products like: horses, salt, camphor, saffron, betel nut and spices like pepper.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Samantha or a zamindar built a fortified palace in or near these towns. They imply taxes on traders, artisans and articles of trade. Many times temples collected these taxes as donations and these rights were given by samanthas and These “rights” were recorded in inscriptions that have survived to this day. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">छोटे शहरों का नेटवर्क</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">उस समय बड़े शहर में दो तरह के बाजार होते थे:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">मंडपिका (या बाद के समय की मंडी) जिसमें आसपास के ग्रामीण अपनी उपज बेचने के लिए लाते थे।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">हट्टा (बाद के समय का हाट)- ये बाजार की गलियां हैं जो दुकानों से अटी पड़ी हैं।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">अन्य स्ट्रीट मार्केट हैं जिनमें विभिन्न प्रकार के विक्रेता थे जैसे- विभिन्न प्रकार के कारीगर जैसे कुम्हार, तेल दबाने वाले, चीनी बनाने वाले, ताड़ी बनाने वाले, लोहार, पत्थर बनाने वाले।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">कई विक्रेता और व्यापारी शहर में रहते थे या वे अपने उत्पादों को खरीदने और बेचने के लिए विभिन्न शहरों की यात्रा करते थे जैसे: घोड़े, नमक, कपूर, केसर, सुपारी और मसाले जैसे काली मिर्च।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">सामंथा या जमींदार ने इन शहरों में या उसके पास एक गढ़वाले महल का निर्माण किया। वे व्यापारियों, कारीगरों और व्यापार की वस्तुओं पर कर लगाते हैं। कई बार मंदिरों ने इन करों को दान के रूप में एकत्र किया और ये अधिकार सामंतों द्वारा दिए गए थे और ये "अधिकार" शिलालेखों में दर्ज किए गए थे जो आज तक जीवित हैं।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 144pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Taxes on markets </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The following is a summary from a tenth-century inscription from Rajasthan, which lists the dues that were to be collected by temple authorities: There were taxes in kind on: Sugar and jaggery, dyes, thread, and cotton, On coconuts, salt, areca nuts, butter, sesame oil, On cloth. Besides, there were taxes on traders, on those who sold metal goods, on distillers, on oil, on cattle fodder, and on loads of grain. Some of these taxes were collected in kind, while others were collected in cash</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">बाजारों पर कर</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">निम्नलिखित राजस्थान से दसवीं शताब्दी के शिलालेख का एक सारांश है, जिसमें मंदिर अधिकारियों द्वारा एकत्र किए जाने वाले बकाया की सूची है: इस पर कर थे: चीनी और गुड़, रंग, धागा और कपास, नारियल, नमक पर, सुपारी, मक्खन, तिल का तेल, कपड़े पर। इसके अलावा, व्यापारियों पर, धातु के सामान बेचने वालों पर, डिस्टिलरों पर, तेल पर, मवेशियों के चारे पर और अनाज के भार पर कर लगाया जाता था। इनमें से कुछ कर वस्तु के रूप में एकत्र किए जाते थे, जबकि अन्य नकद में एकत्र किए जाते थे।</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Traders Big and Small </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">There were traders who travelled from one place to another to buy and sell the products. These traders had to pass through many kingdoms and forests, they usually travelled in caravans( groups of people which travel together) and formed guilds( groups of people who do the same work plus having same skills and interest live together) to protect their interests.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">From the 8th century many traders' guilds evolved in India.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Part of India</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">guild name </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">country they trade</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> South India-</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Manigramam and Nanadesi</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">the peninsula and with Southeast Asia</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 216pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">and China.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">North India- </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Marwari Oswal</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Red Sea, Persian Gulf, East Africa,</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Chettiars</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Southeast Asia and China.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hindu Baniyas</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Muslim Bohras</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">They sold textiles and spices in these ports and, in exchange, brought gold and ivory from Africa; and spices, tin, Chinese blue pottery and silver from Southeast Asia and China.</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Western coast of India was home to Arab, Persian, Chinese, Jewish and Syrian Christian traders.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">व्यापारी बड़े और छोटे</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">ऐसे व्यापारी थे जो उत्पादों को खरीदने और बेचने के लिए एक स्थान से दूसरे स्थान की यात्रा करते थे। इन व्यापारियों को कई राज्यों और जंगलों से गुजरना पड़ता था, वे आम तौर पर कारवां (लोगों के समूह जो एक साथ यात्रा करते हैं) में यात्रा करते थे और अपने हितों की रक्षा के लिए गिल्ड (एक ही काम करने वाले लोगों के समूह और समान कौशल और रुचि रखने वाले लोगों के समूह) का गठन करते थे।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">8वीं शताब्दी से भारत में कई व्यापारियों के संघ विकसित हुए।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">भारत का हिस्सा गिल्ड नाम देश वे व्यापार करते हैं</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> दक्षिण भारत- मणिग्रामम और नानादेसी प्रायद्वीप और दक्षिण पूर्व एशिया के साथ</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">और चीन।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">उत्तर भारत- मारवाड़ी ओसवाल लाल सागर, फारस की खाड़ी, पूर्वी अफ्रीका,</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">चेट्टियार दक्षिण पूर्व एशिया और चीन।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">हिंदू बनिया</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">मुस्लिम बोहरासी</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">वे इन बंदरगाहों में वस्त्र और मसाले बेचते थे और बदले में अफ्रीका से सोना और हाथीदांत लाते थे; और मसाले, टिन, चीनी नीली मिट्टी के बर्तन और दक्षिण पूर्व एशिया और चीन से चांदी।</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">भारत का पश्चिमी तट अरब, फारसी, चीनी, यहूदी और सीरियाई ईसाई व्यापारियों का घर था।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Indian trade in europe</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Indian spices and cloth sold in the Red Sea ports were purchased by Italian traders and eventually reached European markets, fetching very high profits. Spices grown in tropical climates (pepper, cinnamon, nutmeg, dried ginger, etc.) became an important part of European cooking, and cotton cloth was very attractive. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">यूरोप में भारतीय व्यापार</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">लाल सागर के बंदरगाहों में बेचे जाने वाले भारतीय मसाले और कपड़े इतालवी व्यापारियों द्वारा खरीदे गए और अंततः यूरोपीय बाजारों में पहुंच गए, जिससे बहुत अधिक लाभ हुआ। उष्णकटिबंधीय जलवायु में उगाए जाने वाले मसाले (काली मिर्च, दालचीनी, जायफल, सूखे अदरक, आदि) यूरोपीय खाना पकाने का एक महत्वपूर्ण हिस्सा बन गए, और सूती कपड़े बहुत आकर्षक थे।</span></p><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Crafts in Towns </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Communities played important role in making palaces, temples,tanks,reservoirs and buildings were called The Panchalas or Vishwakarma community which includes :</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">goldsmiths </span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">bronze smiths </span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">blacksmiths </span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">masons </span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">carpenters</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bidar were so famed for their inlay work in copper and silver that it came to be called Bidri.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Weavers such as the Saliyar or Kaikkolars emerged as prosperous communities, making donations to temples.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Towns में शिल्प</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">महलों, मंदिरों, तालाबों, जलाशयों और इमारतों को बनाने में समुदायों ने महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाई, जिन्हें पांचाल या विश्वकर्मा समुदाय कहा जाता था जिसमें शामिल हैं:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">सुनार</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">कांस्य लोहार</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">लोहार</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">राजमिस्त्री</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">बढई का</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">बीदर तांबे और चांदी में जड़ाई के काम के लिए इतने प्रसिद्ध थे कि इसे बीदरी कहा जाने लगा।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">सलियार या कैक्कोलर जैसे बुनकर समृद्ध समुदायों के रूप में उभरे, मंदिरों को दान दिया।</span></p><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The changing fortunes of towns</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Some towns like Ahmedabad (Gujarat) went on to become major commercial cities but others like Thanjavur shrank in size and importance over the centuries. Murshidabad (West Bengal) on the banks of the Bhagirathi, which rose to prominence as a centre for silks and became the capital of Bengal in 1704, declined in the course of the century as the weavers faced competition from cheap mill-made cloth from England.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">कस्बों की बदल रही किस्मत</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> अहमदाबाद (गुजरात) जैसे कुछ शहर प्रमुख व्यावसायिक शहर बन गए, लेकिन तंजावुर जैसे अन्य शहर सदियों से आकार और महत्व में सिकुड़ते गए। भागीरथी के तट पर मुर्शिदाबाद (पश्चिम बंगाल), जो रेशम के केंद्र के रूप में प्रमुखता से उभरा और 1704 में बंगाल की राजधानी बन गया, सदी के दौरान गिरावट आई क्योंकि बुनकरों को इंग्लैंड से सस्ते मिल-निर्मित कपड़े से प्रतिस्पर्धा का सामना करना पड़ा .</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A Closer Look: Hampi, Masulipatnam and Surat</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hampi is located in the Krishna-Tungabhadra basin which is in the centre of the Vijayanagara Empire, founded in 1336.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">These fortified city walls were made without cement and mortar,these walls and the technique followed was to wedge them together by interlocking.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The buildings in the royal complex had splendid arches, domes and pillared halls with corners or recess for holding sculptures.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">They also had well-planned orchards and pleasure gardens with sculptural motifs such as the lotus and corbels.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">During prosperous times in 15th-16th centuries in Hmapi’s was commercial and cultural famed. The markets of Hampi was full of Muslim merchants, Chettis and agents of European traders such as the Portuguese.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Mahanavami festival, known today as Navaratri in the south,was one of the most important festivals celebrated at Hampi. There was a special platform where the king received guests and accepted tribute from subordinate chiefs. From here he also watched dance and music performances as well as wrestling bouts. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hampi’s downfall started when the Deccani Sultans – the rulers of Golconda, Bijapur, Ahmadnagar, Berar and Bidar defeated Vijayanagara in 1565.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">एक नज़दीकी नज़र: हम्पी, मसूलीपट्टनम और सूरत</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">हम्पी कृष्णा-तुंगभद्रा बेसिन में स्थित है जो 1336 में स्थापित विजयनगर साम्राज्य के केंद्र में है।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">इन किलेबंद शहर की दीवारों को सीमेंट और मोर्टार के बिना बनाया गया था, इन दीवारों और तकनीक का पालन किया गया था, उन्हें इंटरलॉकिंग करके एक साथ जोड़ना था।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">शाही परिसर की इमारतों में शानदार मेहराब, गुंबद और स्तंभों वाले हॉल थे जिनमें मूर्तियां रखने के लिए कोने या अवकाश थे।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">उनके पास कमल और कोरबेल जैसे मूर्तिकला रूपांकनों के साथ सुनियोजित बगीचे और आनंद उद्यान भी थे।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">15वीं-16वीं शताब्दी में समृद्ध समय के दौरान हम्पी का वाणिज्यिक और सांस्कृतिक रूप से प्रसिद्ध था। हम्पी के बाजार मुस्लिम व्यापारियों, चेट्टी और पुर्तगाली जैसे यूरोपीय व्यापारियों के एजेंटों से भरे हुए थे।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">महानवमी त्योहार, जिसे आज दक्षिण में नवरात्रि के रूप में जाना जाता है, हम्पी में मनाए जाने वाले सबसे महत्वपूर्ण त्योहारों में से एक था। एक विशेष मंच था जहाँ राजा मेहमानों का स्वागत करता था और अधीनस्थ प्रमुखों से श्रद्धांजलि स्वीकार करता था। यहां से उन्होंने नृत्य और संगीत के प्रदर्शन के साथ-साथ कुश्ती के मुकाबलों को भी देखा।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">हम्पी का पतन तब शुरू हुआ जब दक्कनी सुल्तानों - गोलकुंडा, बीजापुर, अहमदनगर, बरार और बीदर के शासकों ने 1565 में विजयनगर को हराया</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A Gateway to the West: Surat</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Surat was a gateway for trade with West Asia via the Gulf of Ormuz. Surat has also been called the gate to Mecca because many pilgrim ships set sail from here.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Surat in Gujarat was the emporium of western trade during the Mughal period along with Cambay (present day Khambat).</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In the seventeenth century the Portuguese, Dutch and English had their factories and warehouses at Surat. It became a place where all castes and creeds lived.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Its port was very busy and ships from different countries came here at any time as per chronicler Ovington in 1689.The state built numerous rest-houses to take care of the needs of people from all over the world who came to the city.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Surat was famous for its cotton and zari fabric and had a market in West Asia, Africa and Europe. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Kathiawad seths or mahajans (moneychangers) had huge banking houses at Surat.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Surat hundis were honoured in the far-off markets of Cairo in Egypt, Basra in Iraq and Antwerp in Belgium.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Surat downfall started in the 17th century due to the emergence of bombay (mumbai) where the English East India Company shifted its headquarters in 1668 and decline of mughal empire.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">पश्चिम का प्रवेश द्वार: सूरत</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">सूरत पश्चिम एशिया के साथ ओरमुज की खाड़ी के रास्ते व्यापार का प्रवेश द्वार था। सूरत को मक्का का द्वार भी कहा जाता है क्योंकि यहां से कई तीर्थयात्री जहाज रवाना होते हैं।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">गुजरात में सूरत मुगल काल के दौरान खंभात (वर्तमान खंभात) के साथ पश्चिमी व्यापार का केंद्र था।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">सत्रहवीं शताब्दी में सूरत में पुर्तगालियों, डचों और अंग्रेजों के कारखाने और गोदाम थे। यह एक ऐसा स्थान बन गया जहां सभी जातियां और पंथ रहते थे।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">इसका बंदरगाह बहुत व्यस्त था और 1689 में इतिहासकार ओविंगटन के अनुसार किसी भी समय विभिन्न देशों के जहाज यहां आते थे। राज्य ने दुनिया भर के लोगों की जरूरतों को पूरा करने के लिए कई विश्राम गृहों का निर्माण किया जो शहर में आए थे।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">सूरत अपने सूती और जरी के कपड़े के लिए प्रसिद्ध था और पश्चिम एशिया, अफ्रीका और यूरोप में इसका बाजार था।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">काठियावाड़ सेठों या महाजनों (मनीचेंजर्स) के सूरत में विशाल बैंकिंग घराने थे।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">सूरत हुंडियों को मिस्र के काहिरा, इराक में बसरा और बेल्जियम में एंटवर्प के दूर-दराज के बाजारों में सम्मानित किया गया।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">सूरत का पतन 17वीं शताब्दी में बॉम्बे (मुंबई) के उदय के कारण शुरू हुआ, जहां 1668 में अंग्रेजी ईस्ट इंडिया कंपनी ने अपना मुख्यालय स्थानांतरित कर दिया और मुगल साम्राज्य का पतन हो गया।</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Fishing in Troubled Waters: Masulipatnam</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Maulipuram or Machilipatnam became a very important port city of andhra pradesh. It was situated on the delta of Krishna river.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Dutches and east India company both wanted to take control of maulipuram and dutch built a fort over there but the Qutb Shahi rulers of Golconda imposed royal monopolies on the sale of textiles, spices and other items to prevent the trade passing completely into the hands of the various East India Companies.</span></p><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">There were strong competition between various trading groups like:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">the Golconda nobles</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Persian merchants</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Telugu Komati Chettis</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">European traders</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Mugals also wanted to capture Golconda, so their representative the governor Mir Jumla who was also a merchant made dutch and english against each other.In 1686-1687 Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb annexed Golconda.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Now forigen companies from Europe had lost interest in Golconda. As per the new policy of english east India company,a port that had connections with the production centres of the hinterland is not enough hence these all companies to move new places which had all these roles combine political, administrative and commercial.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Now the Company traders moved to:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Bombay, </span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Calcutta (present-day Kolkata) </span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Madras (present-day Chennai)</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In 18th century mashlipatnum lost its important and became very small town.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">संकटग्रस्त जल में मछली पकड़ना: मसूलीपट्टनम</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">मौलीपुरम या मछलीपट्टनम आंध्र प्रदेश का बहुत महत्वपूर्ण बंदरगाह शहर बन गया। यह कृष्णा नदी के डेल्टा पर स्थित था।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">डच और ईस्ट इंडिया कंपनी दोनों मौलीपुरम का नियंत्रण लेना चाहते थे और डच ने वहां एक किला बनाया लेकिन गोलकुंडा के कुतुब शाही शासकों ने व्यापार को पूरी तरह से हाथों में जाने से रोकने के लिए वस्त्र, मसालों और अन्य वस्तुओं की बिक्री पर शाही एकाधिकार लगाया। विभिन्न ईस्ट इंडिया कंपनियां।</span></p><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">विभिन्न व्यापारिक समूहों के बीच कड़ी प्रतिस्पर्धा थी जैसे:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">गोलकुंडा रईसों</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">फारसी व्यापारी</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">तेलुगु कोमाती चेट्टीस</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">यूरोपीय व्यापारी</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">मुगल भी गोलकुंडा पर कब्जा करना चाहते थे, इसलिए उनके प्रतिनिधि गवर्नर मीर जुमला, जो एक व्यापारी भी थे, ने एक-दूसरे के खिलाफ डच और अंग्रेज बनाए। 1686-1687 में मुगल सम्राट औरंगजेब ने गोलकुंडा पर कब्जा कर लिया।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">अब यूरोप की विदेशी कंपनियों ने गोलकोंडा में रुचि खो दी थी। अंग्रेजी ईस्ट इंडिया कंपनी की नई नीति के अनुसार, एक बंदरगाह जिसका भीतरी इलाकों के उत्पादन केंद्रों के साथ संबंध था, इसलिए ये सभी कंपनियां नए स्थानों को स्थानांतरित करने के लिए पर्याप्त नहीं थीं, जहां इन सभी भूमिकाओं में राजनीतिक, प्रशासनिक और वाणिज्यिक शामिल थे।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> अब कंपनी के व्यापारी यहां चले गए:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> बॉम्बे,</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">कलकत्ता (वर्तमान कोलकाता)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">मद्रास (वर्तमान चेन्नई)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">18वीं शताब्दी में माशलीपट्टनम ने अपना महत्वपूर्ण स्थान खो दिया और बहुत छोटा शहर बन गया।</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">New Towns and Traders </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Now in the 16th to 17th century The English, Dutch and French formed East India Companies in order to expand their commercial activities in the east due to the popularity of spices and textiles.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Initially great Indian traders like Mulla Abdul Ghafur and Virji Vora who owned a large number of ships competed with them but by the time and with the power of their naval European companies gained control of the sea trade and forced Indian traders to work as their agents.The English emerged as the most successful commercial and political power in the subcontinent.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Indian textile industry atthis time</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Demand of Indian textile increased, this led to great expansion of the crafts of spinning, weaving, bleaching, dyeing. Indian textile designs became increasingly refined but independence of craftspersons had been decreasing now they had to work according to or on demand of European agents.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> They couldn't sell their designs so They had to reproduce the designs supplied to them by the Company agents.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Black and white towns</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The 18th century saw the rise of Bombay, Calcutta and Madras, which are nodal cities today. Crafts and commerce underwent major changes.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Black Towns</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> established by the European companies within these new cities, where merchants and artisans (such as weavers) were moved, here “blacks” means native traders and craftspersons were confined here.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">White town</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">s- these towns were occupied by “white” rulers, the superior residences of Fort St. George in Madras or Fort St. William in Calcutta.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">नए शहर और व्यापारी</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">अब 16वीं से 17वीं शताब्दी में मसालों और वस्त्रों की लोकप्रियता के कारण पूर्व में अपनी व्यावसायिक गतिविधियों का विस्तार करने के लिए अंग्रेजी, डच और फ्रेंच ने ईस्ट इंडिया कंपनियों का गठन किया।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">मुल्ला अब्दुल गफूर और वीरजी वोरा जैसे महान भारतीय व्यापारी, जिनके पास बड़ी संख्या में जहाजों का स्वामित्व था, ने उनके साथ प्रतिस्पर्धा की, लेकिन समय और अपनी नौसेना की शक्ति के साथ यूरोपीय कंपनियों ने समुद्री व्यापार पर नियंत्रण प्राप्त कर लिया और भारतीय व्यापारियों को अपने एजेंटों के रूप में काम करने के लिए मजबूर कर दिया। अंग्रेजी उपमहाद्वीप में सबसे सफल व्यावसायिक और राजनीतिक शक्ति के रूप में उभरी।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">भारतीय कपड़ा उद्योग इस समय</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">भारतीय वस्त्रों की मांग बढ़ी, इससे कताई, बुनाई, विरंजन, रंगाई के शिल्प का बहुत विस्तार हुआ। भारतीय कपड़ा डिजाइन तेजी से परिष्कृत होते गए लेकिन शिल्पकारों की स्वतंत्रता कम हो रही थी अब उन्हें यूरोपीय एजेंटों की मांग के अनुसार या उनके अनुसार काम करना पड़ा।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> वे अपने डिजाइन नहीं बेच सकते थे इसलिए उन्हें कंपनी एजेंटों द्वारा उन्हें आपूर्ति किए गए डिजाइनों को पुन: पेश करना पड़ा।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">काले और सफेद शहर</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">18वीं शताब्दी में बंबई, कलकत्ता और मद्रास का उदय हुआ, जो आज नोडल शहर हैं। शिल्प और वाणिज्य में बड़े परिवर्तन हुए।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> इन नए शहरों के भीतर यूरोपीय कंपनियों द्वारा स्थापित ब्लैक टाउन, जहां व्यापारियों और कारीगरों (जैसे बुनकरों) को स्थानांतरित किया गया था, यहां "काले" का अर्थ है देशी व्यापारियों और शिल्पकारों को यहां सीमित कर दिया गया था।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">श्वेत नगर- इन नगरों पर "श्वेत" शासकों का कब्जा था, मद्रास में फोर्ट सेंट जॉर्ज या कलकत्ता में फोर्ट सेंट विलियम के श्रेष्ठ आवास।</span></p><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 216pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><div><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div></span>Ynothttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17573515841561335765noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2705589226733100549.post-33080483734972880692022-09-03T06:14:00.002-07:002022-09-03T06:14:19.364-07:00NCERT Class 8 Science Chapter 3 Synthetic Fibers and Plastics,एनसीईआरटी कक्षा 8 विज्ञान अध्याय 3 सिंथेटिक फाइबर और प्लास्टिक<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">SYNTHETIC FIBRES AND PLASTICS</span></p><p><b id="docs-internal-guid-c7ffcd7a-7fff-e445-c96d-09c52c00ea3e" style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">There are two types of fibres:</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Natural Fibre is fibre which is obtained by plants and animals, like cotton, wool, silk, etc.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Synthetic fibre is man- made fibre. It’s a chain of small units joined together. Each small unit is actually a chemical substance. Many such small units combine to form a large single unit called a polymer like rayon, nylon and polymer.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #990000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Polymers occur in nature also. Cotton, for example, is a polymer called cellulose. Cellulose is made up of a large number of glucose units.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">फाइबर दो प्रकार के होते हैं:</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">प्राकृतिक फाइबर वह है जो पौधों और जानवरों द्वारा प्राप्त किया जाता है, जैसे कपास, ऊन, रेशम, आदि।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">सिंथेटिक फाइबर मानव निर्मित फाइबर है। यह एक साथ जुड़ने वाली छोटी इकाइयों की एक श्रृंखला है। प्रत्येक छोटी इकाई वास्तव में एक रासायनिक पदार्थ है। ऐसी कई छोटी इकाइयाँ मिलकर एक बड़ी एकल इकाई बनाती हैं जिसे पॉलीमर कहा जाता है जैसे रेयान, नायलॉन और पॉलीमर।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">पॉलिमर प्रकृति में भी होते हैं। कपास, उदाहरण के लिए, सेल्यूलोज नामक एक बहुलक है। सेल्युलोज बड़ी संख्या में ग्लूकोज इकाइयों से बना होता है।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Types of Synthetic Fibres:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> सिंथेटिक फाइबर के प्रकार:</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Ryon</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">: </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">rayon or artificial silk is man-made copy fibre of silk, it is made by chemical treatment of wood pulp. Although rayon is obtained from a natural source, wood pulp, yet it is a man-made fibre.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> </span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">It is cheaper than silk and can be woven like silk fibres. It can also be dyed in a wide variety of colours. Rayon is mixed with cotton to make bed sheets or mixed with wool to make carpets.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Nylon:</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> it is the first fibre which is 100% man-made without taking any component from animals and plants. It was invented in 1931 and made by mixing coal, water and air. </span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Nylon fibre was strong, elastic and light. It was lustrous and easy to wash. So, it became very popular for making clothes. It is used to make -socks, ropes, tents, toothbrushes, car seat belts, sleeping bags, curtains, parachutes and ropes for rock climbing. A nylon thread is actually stronger than a steel wire.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">रेयान</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">: </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">रेयान या कृत्रिम रेशम मानव निर्मित कॉपी फाइबर है, इसे लकड़ी के गूदे के रासायनिक उपचार द्वारा बनाया जाता है। हालांकि रेयान एक प्राकृतिक स्रोत, लकड़ी के गूदे से प्राप्त होता है, फिर भी यह एक मानव निर्मित फाइबर है।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">यह रेशम की तुलना में सस्ता है और इसे रेशम के रेशों की तरह बुना जा सकता है। इसे कई तरह के रंगों में भी रंगा जा सकता है। चादरें बनाने के लिए रेयॉन को रूई के साथ मिलाया जाता है या कालीन बनाने के लिए ऊन के साथ मिलाया जाता है।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">नायलॉन</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">: </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">यह पहला फाइबर है जो जानवरों और पौधों से कोई घटक लिए बिना 100% मानव निर्मित है। इसका आविष्कार 1931 में हुआ था और इसे कोयले, पानी और हवा को मिलाकर बनाया गया था।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">नायलॉन फाइबर मजबूत, लचीला और हल्का था। यह चमकदार और धोने में आसान था। इसलिए, यह कपड़े बनाने के लिए बहुत लोकप्रिय हो गया। इसका उपयोग रॉक क्लाइम्बिंग के लिए मोज़े, रस्सियाँ, तंबू, टूथब्रश, कार सीट बेल्ट, स्लीपिंग बैग, पर्दे, पैराशूट और रस्सियाँ बनाने में किया जाता है। नायलॉन का धागा वास्तव में स्टील के तार से ज्यादा मजबूत होता है।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Polyester and Acrylic</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">पॉलिएस्टर और एक्रिलिक:</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Polyester</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">: Polyester is another synthetic fibre. Fabric made from this fibre does not get wrinkled easily. It remains crisp and is easy to wash. So, it is quite suitable for making dress material.Terylene is a popular polyester. It can be drawn into very fine fibres that can be woven like any other yarn.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">PET (polyethylene terephthalate) is a very familiar form of polyester. It is used for making bottles, utensils, films, wires and many other useful products.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Polyester (Poly+ester) is actually made up of the repeating units of a chemical called an ester. Esters are the chemicals which give fruits their smell. Fabrics are sold by names like polycot, polywool, terrycot, etc. As the name suggests, these are made by mixing two types of fibres. Polycot is a mixture of polyester and cotton. Polywool is a mixture of polyester and wool.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Acrylic</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">: it is basically artificial woolen and warm like wool. Clothes made from acrylic are relatively cheap. They are available in a variety of colours. Synthetic fibres are more durable and affordable which makes them more popular than natural fibres. </span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">पॉलिएस्टर</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">: </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">पॉलिएस्टर एक और सिंथेटिक फाइबर है। इस फाइबर से बने कपड़े पर आसानी से झुर्रियां नहीं पड़ती हैं। यह कुरकुरा रहता है और धोने में आसान होता है। तो, यह पोशाक सामग्री बनाने के लिए काफी उपयुक्त है। टेरिलीन एक लोकप्रिय पॉलिएस्टर है। इसे बहुत महीन रेशों में खींचा जा सकता है जिसे किसी भी अन्य धागे की तरह बुना जा सकता है।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">पीईटी (पॉलीइथिलीन टेरेफ्थेलेट) पॉलिएस्टर का एक बहुत ही परिचित रूप है। इसका उपयोग बोतल, बर्तन, फिल्म, तार और कई अन्य उपयोगी उत्पाद बनाने के लिए किया जाता है।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">पॉलिएस्टर (पॉली + एस्टर) वास्तव में एस्टर नामक रसायन की दोहराई जाने वाली इकाइयों से बना होता है। एस्टर ऐसे रसायन होते हैं जो फलों को उनकी महक देते हैं। कपड़े पॉलीकॉट, पॉलीवूल, टेरीकॉट आदि नामों से बेचे जाते हैं। जैसा कि नाम से पता चलता है, ये दो प्रकार के रेशों को मिलाकर बनाए जाते हैं। पॉलीकॉट पॉलिएस्टर और कपास का मिश्रण है। पॉलीवूल पॉलिएस्टर और ऊन का मिश्रण है।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">एक्रिलिक:</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">यह मूल रूप से कृत्रिम ऊनी और ऊन की तरह गर्म होता है। ऐक्रेलिक से बने कपड़े अपेक्षाकृत सस्ते होते हैं। वे विभिन्न रंगों में उपलब्ध हैं। सिंथेटिक फाइबर अधिक टिकाऊ और किफायती होते हैं जो उन्हें प्राकृतिक फाइबर की तुलना में अधिक लोकप्रिय बनाते हैं।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Characteristics of Synthetic Fibres</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Some benefits of synthetic fibres are:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">quick dryup</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Durable</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Less expensive</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Readily available</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Easy to maintain</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">सिंथेटिक फाइबर के लक्षण:</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">सिंथेटिक फाइबर के कुछ लाभ हैं:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: #303134; line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: -1pt 0pt -1pt 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #e8eaed; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">जल्दी सूखना</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: #303134; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> </p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">टिकाऊ</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">कम महंगा</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">आसानी से उपलब्ध</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">संभालने में आसान</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">If there are many benefits of synthetic fibres but there </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">is one big disadvantage is melting on heating. If the clothes catch fire, it can be disastrous.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> The fabric melts and sticks to the body of the person wearing it. We should, therefore, not wear synthetic clothes while working in the kitchen or in a laboratory.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">सिंथेटिक रेशों के कई फायदे हैं लेकिन एक बड़ा नुकसान है गर्म करने पर पिघलना। अगर कपड़ों में आग लग जाए तो यह विनाशकारी हो सकता है। कपड़ा पिघल जाता है और इसे पहनने वाले के शरीर से चिपक जाता है। इसलिए हमें रसोई या प्रयोगशाला में काम करते समय सिंथेटिक कपड़े नहीं पहनने चाहिए।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Plastics</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">प्लास्टिक</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Plastic is also a polymer like the synthetic fibre. Plastic articles are available in all possible shapes and sizes as you can see</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> Plastic can be recycled, reused, coloured, melted, rolled into sheets or made into wires. </span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Polythene (Poly+ethene) is an example of a plastic. It is used for making commonly used polythene bags.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">We have seen there is one plastic which can be bent and another which can’t be bent and gets broken. Lets understand these two types plastics:</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">प्लास्टिक भी सिंथेटिक फाइबर की तरह एक पॉलीमर है। जैसा कि आप देख सकते हैं, प्लास्टिक की वस्तुएं हर संभव आकार और आकार में उपलब्ध हैं। प्लास्टिक को पुनर्नवीनीकरण, पुन: उपयोग, रंगीन, पिघलाया जा सकता है, चादरों में घुमाया जा सकता है या तारों में बनाया जा सकता है।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #990000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">पॉलिथीन (पॉली+एथीन) प्लास्टिक का एक उदाहरण है। इसका उपयोग आमतौर पर इस्तेमाल होने वाले पॉलिथीन बैग बनाने के लिए किया जाता है।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">हमने देखा है कि एक प्लास्टिक है जिसे मोड़ा जा सकता है और दूसरा जो मुड़ा नहीं जा सकता और टूट जाता है। आइए इन दो प्रकार के प्लास्टिक को समझते हैं:</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Thermoplastics</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">- it is a form of plastic with a very low melting point, this plastic gets deformed easily on heating and can be bent easily. Polythene and PVC are some of the examples of thermoplastics. These are used for manufacturing toys, combs and various types of containers.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Thermosetting plastics- </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">these plastics, when moulded once, can not be softened by heating. It means its melting point is high. Two examples are </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">bakelite and melamine. Bakelite is a poor conductor of heat and electricity. It is used for making electrical switches, handles of various utensils, etc. Melamine is a versatile material. It resists fire and can tolerate heat better than other plastics.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">थर्मोप्लास्टिक्स</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">- </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">यह प्लास्टिक का एक रूप है जिसमें बहुत कम गलनांक होता है, यह प्लास्टिक गर्म करने पर आसानी से विकृत हो जाता है और आसानी से मुड़ा जा सकता है। पॉलीथिन और पीवीसी थर्मोप्लास्टिक के कुछ उदाहरण हैं। इनका उपयोग खिलौने, कंघी और विभिन्न प्रकार के कंटेनरों के निर्माण के लिए किया जाता है।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">थर्मोसेटिंग प्लास्टिक- ये प्लास्टिक, जब एक बार ढाला जाता है, तो गर्म करके नरम नहीं किया जा सकता है। इसका मतलब है कि इसका गलनांक अधिक है। दो उदाहरण बैकलाइट और मेलामाइन हैं। बैकेलाइट गर्मी और बिजली का कुचालक है। इसका उपयोग बिजली के स्विच, विभिन्न बर्तनों के हैंडल आदि बनाने के लिए किया जाता है। मेलामाइन एक बहुमुखी सामग्री है। यह आग का प्रतिरोध करता है और अन्य प्लास्टिक की तुलना में गर्मी को बेहतर ढंग से सहन कर सकता है।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Plastics as Materials of Choice</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Nowadays plastic is everywhere from kitchen to operation theatre. This is because of their light weight, lower price, good strength and easy handling. Being lighter as compared to metals, plastics are used in cars, aircrafts and spacecrafts, too. List is never ending. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">This why plastic is extensively used:</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">पसंद की सामग्री के रूप में प्लास्टिक</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">आजकल किचन से लेकर ऑपरेशन थियेटर तक हर जगह प्लास्टिक है। यह उनके हल्के वजन, कम कीमत, अच्छी ताकत और आसान संचालन के कारण है। धातुओं की तुलना में हल्का होने के कारण प्लास्टिक का उपयोग कारों, वायुयानों और अंतरिक्ष यान में भी किया जाता है। लिस्ट कभी खत्म नहीं होती।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">यहाँ हम क्यों प्लास्टिक का व्यापक रूप से उपयोग किया जाता है:</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /></b></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Plastic is Non-reactive- plastic doesn't react and erodes in the open. Unlike metals, it reacts in the open like if iron is kept in the open it gets eroded.</span></p></li></ul><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">प्लास्टिक गैर-प्रतिक्रियाशील है- प्लास्टिक प्रतिक्रिया नहीं करता है और खुले में नहीं मिटता है। धातुओं के विपरीत, यह खुले में प्रतिक्रिया करता है जैसे लोहे को खुले में रखने से यह नष्ट हो जाता है।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Plastic is Light, Strong and Durable - Plastic is very light, strong, durable and can be moulded into different shapes and sizes, it is used for various purposes. Plastics are generally cheaper than metals. They are widely used in industry and for household articles.</span></p></li></ul><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">प्लास्टिक हल्का, मजबूत और टिकाऊ होता है - प्लास्टिक बहुत हल्का, मजबूत, टिकाऊ होता है और इसे विभिन्न आकारों और आकारों में ढाला जा सकता है, इसका उपयोग विभिन्न उद्देश्यों के लिए किया जाता है। प्लास्टिक आमतौर पर धातुओं से सस्ता होता है। वे व्यापक रूप से उद्योग में और घरेलू सामानों के लिए उपयोग किए जाते हैं।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Plastics are Poor Conductors - plastics are poor conductors of heat and electricity. That is why electrical wires have plastic covering, and handles of screwdrivers, handles of frying pans are also made of plastic.</span></p></li></ul><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">प्लास्टिक खराब कंडक्टर हैं - प्लास्टिक गर्मी और बिजली के कुचालक हैं। इसीलिए बिजली के तारों में प्लास्टिक का आवरण होता है और स्क्रूड्रिवर के हैंडल, फ्राइंग पैन के हैंडल भी प्लास्टिक के बने होते हैं।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Plastics find extensive use in the healthcare industry. Some examples of their use are the packaging of tablets, threads used for stitching wounds, syringes, doctors’ gloves and a number of medical instruments.</span></p></li></ul><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">स्वास्थ्य सेवा उद्योग में प्लास्टिक का व्यापक उपयोग होता है। उनके उपयोग के कुछ उदाहरण गोलियों की पैकेजिंग, घावों को सिलने के लिए उपयोग किए जाने वाले धागे, सीरिंज, डॉक्टरों के दस्ताने और कई चिकित्सा उपकरण हैं।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Special plastic cookware is used in microwave ovens for cooking food. In microwave ovens, the heat cooks the food but does not affect the plastic vessel. </span></p></li></ul><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">माइक्रोवेव ओवन में खाना पकाने के लिए विशेष प्लास्टिक कुकवेयर का उपयोग किया जाता है। माइक्रोवेव ओवन में, गर्मी खाना बनाती है लेकिन प्लास्टिक के बर्तन को प्रभावित नहीं करती है।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Teflon is a special plastic on which oil and water do not stick. It is used for non-stick coating on cookware.</span></p></li></ul><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">टेफ्लॉन एक विशेष प्लास्टिक है जिस पर तेल और पानी नहीं चिपकता है। इसका उपयोग कुकवेयर पर नॉन-स्टिक कोटिंग के लिए किया जाता है</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Fire-proof plastics: Although synthetic fibre catches fire easily, it is interesting to know that the uniforms of firemen have a coating of melamine plastic to make them flame resistant. </span></p></li></ul><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">फायर-प्रूफ प्लास्टिक: हालांकि सिंथेटिक फाइबर आसानी से आग पकड़ लेता है, यह जानना दिलचस्प है कि फायरमैन की वर्दी में मेलामाइन प्लास्टिक की कोटिंग होती है, जो उन्हें ज्वाला प्रतिरोधी बनाती है।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Plastics and the Environment </span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">A material which gets decomposed through natural processes, such as action by bacteria, is called biodegradable</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">A material which is not easily decomposed by natural processes is termed non-biodegradable.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Therefore, according to definition plastic is non-biodegradable and doesn't go with the environment. plastic takes several years to decompose, it is not environment friendly. It causes environmental pollution.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">It also doesn't get completely burnt easily. In the process it releases lots of poisonous fumes into the atmosphere causing air pollution.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">प्लास्टिक और पर्यावरण</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">एक सामग्री जो प्राकृतिक प्रक्रियाओं जैसे बैक्टीरिया द्वारा क्रिया के माध्यम से विघटित हो जाती है, बायोडिग्रेडेबल कहलाती है</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">वह पदार्थ जो प्राकृतिक प्रक्रियाओं द्वारा आसानी से विघटित नहीं होता है, अजैव निम्नीकरणीय कहलाता है।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">इसलिए, परिभाषा के अनुसार प्लास्टिक गैर-बायोडिग्रेडेबल है और पर्यावरण के साथ नहीं जाता है। प्लास्टिक को सड़ने में कई साल लग जाते हैं, यह पर्यावरण के अनुकूल नहीं है। इससे पर्यावरण प्रदूषण होता है।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">यह भी आसानी से पूरी तरह से जलता नहीं है। इस प्रक्रिया में यह वातावरण में बहुत सारे जहरीले धुएं को छोड़ता है जिससे वायु प्रदूषण होता है।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">How can we limit the use of plastic?</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-checked="false" aria-level="1" dir="ltr" role="checkbox" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Avoid the use of plastics as much as possible. Make use of bags made of cotton or jute when you go shopping.</span></p></li><li aria-checked="false" aria-level="1" dir="ltr" role="checkbox" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><br /></li><li aria-checked="false" aria-level="1" dir="ltr" role="checkbox" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">The biodegradable and nonbiodegradable wastes should be collected separately and disposed off separately.</span></p></li><li aria-checked="false" aria-level="1" dir="ltr" role="checkbox" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">It is better to recycle plastic waste. Most of the thermoplastics can be recycled.</span></p></li><li aria-checked="false" aria-level="1" dir="ltr" role="checkbox" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Use the 5 R principle. Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Recover and Refuse. Develop habits which are environment friendly. </span></p></li><li aria-checked="false" aria-level="1" dir="ltr" role="checkbox" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> Do not throw plastic bags in the water bodies or on the road. </span></p></li><li aria-checked="false" aria-level="1" dir="ltr" role="checkbox" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Try to minimise the use of plastic materials e.g., use a steel lunch box instead of a plastic one. </span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">हम प्लास्टिक के उपयोग को कैसे सीमित कर सकते हैं?</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="2" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: circle; margin-left: 36pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">जितना हो सके प्लास्टिक के इस्तेमाल से बचें। खरीदारी के लिए जाते समय रुई या जूट के बैग का प्रयोग करें।</span></p></li></ul><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="2" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: circle; margin-left: 36pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">बायोडिग्रेडेबल और नॉनबायोडिग्रेडेबल कचरे को अलग-अलग एकत्र किया जाना चाहिए और अलग-अलग निपटाया जाना चाहिए।</span></p></li><li aria-level="2" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: circle; margin-left: 36pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">प्लास्टिक कचरे को रिसाइकिल करना बेहतर है। अधिकांश थर्माप्लास्टिक को पुनर्नवीनीकरण किया जा सकता है।</span></p></li><li aria-level="2" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: circle; margin-left: 36pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">5 आर सिद्धांत का प्रयोग करें। कम करें, पुन: उपयोग करें, रीसायकल करें, पुनर्प्राप्त करें और मना करें। ऐसी आदतें विकसित करें जो पर्यावरण के अनुकूल हों।</span></p></li><li aria-level="2" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: circle; margin-left: 36pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> प्लास्टिक की थैलियों को जलाशयों में या सड़क पर न फेंके।</span></p></li><li aria-level="2" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: circle; margin-left: 36pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">प्लास्टिक सामग्री के उपयोग को कम से कम करने का प्रयास करें, उदाहरण के लिए, प्लास्टिक के बजाय स्टील लंच बॉक्स का उपयोग करें।</span></p></li></ul><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Summary Ends.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">सारांश समाप्त।</span></p><p><br /><br /></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> </span></p>Ynothttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17573515841561335765noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2705589226733100549.post-53186709089569896792022-09-03T06:06:00.001-07:002022-09-03T06:06:09.999-07:00Statistics for Economics Class 11 Chapter 2 Collection of Data,अर्थशास्त्र के लिए सांख्यिकी कक्षा 11 अध्याय 2 डेटा का संग्रह<p> <span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Collection of Data</span></p><span id="docs-internal-guid-7db85ef6-7fff-9c8d-298f-c4a83f5307e5"><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">We collect data to know and understand the root cause of problems. So that we can give solutions to these problems. Lets understand by example-</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">-</span><span style="background-color: #ff9900; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">After many fluctuations the output of food grains rose to 132 million tonnes in 1978-79 from 108 million tonnes in 1970-71, but fell to 108 million tonnes in 1979-80. Production of food grains then rose continuously to 252 million tonnes in 2015-16 and touched 272 million tonnes in 2016–17.” </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Now this whole information collected is called Data. Here values are varied every year, so these are called variables.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">हम समस्याओं के मूल कारण को जानने और समझने के लिए डेटा एकत्र करते हैं। ताकि हम इन समस्याओं का समाधान दे सकें। आइए उदाहरण से समझते हैं - कई उतार-चढ़ाव के बाद खाद्यान्न का उत्पादन 1978-79 में बढ़कर 132 मिलियन टन हो गया, जो 1970-71 में 108 मिलियन टन था, लेकिन 1979-80 में गिरकर 108 मिलियन टन हो गया। खाद्यान्न का उत्पादन 2015-16 में लगातार बढ़कर 252 मिलियन टन हो गया और 2016-17 में 272 मिलियन टन तक पहुंच गया।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">अब एकत्र की गई इस पूरी जानकारी को डेटा कहा जाता है। यहाँ मान हर साल भिन्न होते हैं, इसलिए इन्हें चर कहा जाता है।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">WHAT ARE THE SOURCES OF DATA?</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">There are two sources of data:</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Primary data resourcing</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">- The researcher may collect the data by conducting an enquiry. This data is based on first hand information or collected for the first time. Direct from target persons. Example : In a group of 100 people, the head of the group wants to know how many people are graduated or not. For this, the head of the group will have to enquire from all group members, by asking questions from them to collect the desired information. The data you get, is an example of primary data. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Secondary Data resourcing</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">- If the data already have been collected and processed (scrutinised and tabulated) by some other agency and its taken from them. They can be obtained either from published sources such as government reports, documents, newspapers, books written by economists or from any other source, for example, a website. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">डेटा के स्रोत क्या हैं?</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">डेटा के दो स्रोत हैं:</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">प्राथमिक डेटा रिसोर्सिंग- शोधकर्ता जांच करके डेटा एकत्र कर सकता है। यह डेटा पहली हाथ की जानकारी पर आधारित है या पहली बार एकत्र किया गया है। लक्षित व्यक्तियों से प्रत्यक्ष। उदाहरण : 100 लोगों के समूह में, समूह का मुखिया जानना चाहता है कि कितने लोग स्नातक हैं या नहीं। इसके लिए समूह के मुखिया को समूह के सभी सदस्यों से वांछित जानकारी एकत्र करने के लिए उनसे प्रश्न पूछकर पूछताछ करनी होगी। आपको जो डेटा मिलता है, वह प्राथमिक डेटा का एक उदाहरण है।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">सेकेंडरी डेटा रिसोर्सिंग- यदि डेटा पहले से ही किसी अन्य एजेंसी द्वारा एकत्र और संसाधित (जांच और सारणीबद्ध) किया गया है और उनसे लिया गया है। उन्हें या तो प्रकाशित स्रोतों से प्राप्त किया जा सकता है जैसे सरकारी रिपोर्ट, दस्तावेज, समाचार पत्र, अर्थशास्त्रियों द्वारा लिखी गई किताबें या किसी अन्य स्रोत से, उदाहरण के लिए, एक वेबसाइट</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">HOW DO WE COLLECT THE DATA?</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Data is collected by doing surveys. Survey is a method of gathering information from individuals. Now there are modes of surveying:</span></p><br /><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Questionnaire</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">- its a form which consists of a set of questions which a correspondent asks from target audiences. This questionnaire either self administered by the respondent or administered by the researcher (enumerator) or trained investigator.</span></p></li></ol><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Points need to keep in mind while making questionnaire are:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The questionnaire should not be too long. The number of questions should be as minimum as possible. </span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The questionnaire should be easy to understand and avoid ambiguous or difficult words.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The questions should be arranged in an order such that the person answering should feel comfortable. </span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The series of questions should move from general to specific. The questionnaire should start from general questions and proceed to more specific ones.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The questions should be precise and clear.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Example</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">: Poor Ques What percentage of your income do you spend on clothing in order to look presentable? Good Ques What percentage of your income do you spend on clothing?</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The questions should not be ambiguous or confusing. They should enable the respondents to answer quickly, correctly and clearly. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Example:</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Poor Q Do you spend a lot of money on books in a month? </span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Good Q (Tick mark the appropriate option) How much do you spend on books in a month? (i) Less than Rs 200 (ii) Rs 200–300 (iii) Rs 300–400 (iv) More than Rs 400</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The question should not use double negatives. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Example</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">: The questions starting with “Wouldn’t you” or “Don’t you” should be avoided, as they may lead to biased responses. </span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The question should not indicate alternatives to the answer. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Example: </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Poor Q Would you like to do a job after college or be a housewife? Good Q What would you like to do after college ?</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Now there are two types questions:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Closed-ended or structured questions- these questions are answered in ways first either- Yes or No or multiple choice questions.Closed-ended questions are easy to use, score and to codify for analysis.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Open-ended questions - these questions are open to many answers not bounded by yes or no and options. But these kinds of questions are difficult to interpret and hard to score. But can give you qualitative data. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Example</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">: Q. What is your view about globalisation?</span></p></li></ul><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">हम डेटा कैसे एकत्र करते हैं?</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">सर्वेक्षण करके डेटा एकत्र किया जाता है। सर्वेक्षण व्यक्तियों से जानकारी एकत्र करने की एक विधि है। अब सर्वेक्षण के तरीके हैं:</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">प्रश्नावली - इसका एक रूप जिसमें प्रश्नों का एक समूह होता है जो एक संवाददाता लक्षित दर्शकों से पूछता है। यह प्रश्नावली या तो प्रतिवादी द्वारा स्वयं प्रशासित है या शोधकर्ता (गणक) या प्रशिक्षित अन्वेषक द्वारा प्रशासित है।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">प्रश्नावली बनाते समय ध्यान रखने योग्य बातें हैं:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">प्रश्नावली बहुत लंबी नहीं होनी चाहिए। प्रश्नों की संख्या यथासंभव न्यूनतम होनी चाहिए।</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">प्रश्नावली को समझना आसान होना चाहिए और अस्पष्ट या कठिन शब्दों से बचना चाहिए।</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">प्रश्नों को इस क्रम में व्यवस्थित किया जाना चाहिए कि उत्तर देने वाला व्यक्ति सहज महसूस करे।</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">प्रश्नों की श्रृंखला सामान्य से विशिष्ट की ओर बढ़नी चाहिए। प्रश्नावली को सामान्य प्रश्नों से शुरू करना चाहिए और अधिक विशिष्ट प्रश्नों के लिए आगे बढ़ना चाहिए।</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">प्रश्न सटीक और स्पष्ट होने चाहिए। उदाहरण: बेचारा प्रश्न प्रस्तुत करने योग्य दिखने के लिए आप अपनी आय का कितना प्रतिशत कपड़ों पर खर्च करते हैं? अच्छा प्रश्न आप अपनी आय का कितना प्रतिशत कपड़ों पर खर्च करते हैं?</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">प्रश्न अस्पष्ट या भ्रमित करने वाले नहीं होने चाहिए। उन्हें उत्तरदाताओं को जल्दी, सही और स्पष्ट रूप से उत्तर देने में सक्षम बनाना चाहिए। उदाहरण: बेचारा Q क्या आप एक महीने में किताबों पर बहुत पैसा खर्च करते हैं?</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">अच्छा प्रश्न (उपयुक्त विकल्प पर सही का निशान लगाएं) आप एक महीने में किताबों पर कितना खर्च करते हैं? (i) 200 रुपये से कम (ii) 200-300 रुपये (iii) 300-400 रुपये (iv) 400 रुपये से अधिक</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">प्रश्न में दोहरे नकारात्मक का उपयोग नहीं करना चाहिए। उदाहरण: "क्या आप नहीं करेंगे" या "आप नहीं करेंगे" से शुरू होने वाले प्रश्नों से बचना चाहिए, क्योंकि वे पक्षपातपूर्ण प्रतिक्रियाओं का कारण बन सकते हैं।</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">प्रश्न को उत्तर के विकल्प का संकेत नहीं देना चाहिए। उदाहरण: बेचारा Q क्या आप कॉलेज के बाद नौकरी करना चाहेंगे या गृहिणी बनना चाहेंगे? अच्छा प्रश्न कॉलेज के बाद आप क्या करना चाहेंगे?</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">अब दो प्रकार के प्रश्न हैं:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">क्लोज-एंडेड या संरचित प्रश्न- इन प्रश्नों का उत्तर पहले या तो- हां या नहीं या बहुविकल्पीय प्रश्नों में दिया जाता है। क्लोज-एंडेड प्रश्नों का उपयोग करना, स्कोर करना और विश्लेषण के लिए संहिताबद्ध करना आसान है।</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">ओपन एंडेड प्रश्न - ये प्रश्न कई उत्तरों के लिए खुले हैं जो हां या ना और विकल्पों से बंधे नहीं हैं। लेकिन इस प्रकार के प्रश्नों की व्याख्या करना कठिन है और स्कोर करना कठिन है। लेकिन आपको गुणात्मक डेटा दे सकते हैं। उदाहरण: > वैश्वीकरण के बारे में आपका क्या विचार है?</span></p></li></ul><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Mode of Data Collection</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">There are three basic ways of collecting data:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> (i) </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Personal Interviews</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">- it is a method where interviewer and respondent talk face to face and get answers clearly and accurately. Interviewer can explain why this survey is being carried out and explain questions to respondents if they are unable to understand the questions. Misinterpretation and misunderstanding can be avoided. Watching the reactions of respondents can provide supplementary information</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> (ii) </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Mailing (questionnaire) Surveys-</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> When the data in a survey are collected by mail, the questionnaire is sent to each individual by mail with a request to complete and return it by a given date. It allows the researcher to have access to people in remote areas too and is less expensive.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> (iii) </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Telephone Interviews-</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> In a telephone interview, the investigator asks questions over the telephone. It can be conducted in a shorter time.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">डेटा संग्रह का तरीका</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">डेटा एकत्र करने के तीन बुनियादी तरीके हैं:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> (i) व्यक्तिगत साक्षात्कार- यह एक ऐसा तरीका है जहां साक्षात्कारकर्ता और प्रतिवादी आमने-सामने बात करते हैं और स्पष्ट और सटीक उत्तर प्राप्त करते हैं। साक्षात्कारकर्ता समझा सकता है कि यह सर्वेक्षण क्यों किया जा रहा है और उत्तरदाताओं को प्रश्नों की व्याख्या कर सकते हैं यदि वे प्रश्नों को समझने में असमर्थ हैं। गलतफहमी और गलतफहमी से बचा जा सकता है। उत्तरदाताओं की प्रतिक्रियाओं को देखकर पूरक जानकारी मिल सकती है</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> (ii) मेलिंग (प्रश्नावली) सर्वेक्षण- जब किसी सर्वेक्षण में डेटा डाक द्वारा एकत्र किया जाता है, तो प्रश्नावली प्रत्येक व्यक्ति को डाक द्वारा भेजी जाती है और इसे एक निश्चित तिथि तक पूरा करने और वापस करने का अनुरोध किया जाता है। यह शोधकर्ता को दूरदराज के क्षेत्रों में भी लोगों तक पहुंचने की अनुमति देता है और यह कम खर्चीला है।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> (iii) टेलीफोन साक्षात्कार - एक टेलीफोन साक्षात्कार में, अन्वेषक टेलीफोन पर प्रश्न पूछता है। इसे कम समय में संचालित किया जा सकता है।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Comparison between Personal interviews, Mailing(questionnaire) Surveys and Telephone Interviews.</span></p><br /><br /><div align="left" dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 0pt;"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;"><colgroup><col width="296"></col><col width="296"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr style="height: 24.25pt;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #8064a2 0.99609pt; border-top: solid #8064a2 0.99609pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="color: #5f497a; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="color: #5f497a; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="color: #5f497a; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Advantages</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #8064a2 0.99609pt; border-top: solid #8064a2 0.99609pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="color: #5f497a; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="color: #5f497a; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="color: #5f497a; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Disadvantages</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height: 23.5pt;"><td colspan="2" style="background-color: #dfd8e8; border-top: solid #8064a2 0.99609pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #5f497a; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Personal Interview</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height: 25pt;"><td style="overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 12pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #5f497a; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">·</span><span style="color: #5f497a; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="color: #5f497a; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Highest Response Rate</span></p></td><td style="overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="color: #5f497a; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">• Most expensive</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height: 25pt;"><td style="background-color: #dfd8e8; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 12pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #5f497a; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">·</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #5f497a; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #5f497a; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Allows use of all types of questions</span></p></td><td style="background-color: #dfd8e8; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #5f497a; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Possibility of influencing respondents</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height: 23.5pt;"><td style="overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="color: #5f497a; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">• Better for using open-ended questions</span></p></td><td style="overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="color: #5f497a; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">• More time-taking</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height: 23.5pt;"><td colspan="2" style="background-color: #dfd8e8; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #5f497a; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Mailed Interview</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height: 23.5pt;"><td style="overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="color: #5f497a; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Least expensive</span></p></td><td style="overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="color: #5f497a; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">• Cannot be used by illiterates</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height: 23.5pt;"><td style="background-color: #dfd8e8; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #5f497a; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">• Only method to reach remote areas</span></p></td><td style="background-color: #dfd8e8; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #5f497a; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">• Long response time.</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height: 37pt;"><td style="overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="color: #5f497a; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">• No influence on respondents</span></p></td><td style="overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="color: #5f497a; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">• Does not allow explanation of unambiguous questions.</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height: 23.5pt;"><td style="background-color: #dfd8e8; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #5f497a; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">• Maintains anonymity of respondents</span></p></td><td style="background-color: #dfd8e8; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #5f497a; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">• Reactions cannot be watched.</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height: 23.5pt;"><td style="overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="color: #5f497a; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">• Best for sensitive questions</span></p></td><td style="overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="color: #5f497a; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p></td></tr><tr style="height: 23.5pt;"><td colspan="2" style="background-color: #dfd8e8; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #5f497a; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Telephonic Interviews</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height: 23.5pt;"><td style="overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="color: #5f497a; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">• Relatively low cost.</span></p></td><td style="overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="color: #5f497a; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">• Limited use.</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height: 23.5pt;"><td style="background-color: #dfd8e8; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #5f497a; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">• Relatively less influence on respondents</span></p></td><td style="background-color: #dfd8e8; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #5f497a; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">• Reactions cannot be watched.</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height: 24.25pt;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #8064a2 0.99609pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="color: #5f497a; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">• Relatively high response rate</span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #8064a2 0.99609pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="color: #5f497a; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">• Possibility of influencing respondents.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div><br /><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Pilot Survey</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">It's like the testing phase of a questionnaire before going for a full survey. A small group is being taken for this survey to test the questions and response to those questions. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">benefit s of pilot survey:</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">To know the shortcomings and drawbacks of the questions.</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Helps in assessing the suitability of the question.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Helps in clarity of instructions, performance of enumerators</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Help the cost and time involved in the actual survey</span></p></li></ul><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">पायलट सर्वेक्षण</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">यह एक पूर्ण सर्वेक्षण के लिए जाने से पहले एक प्रश्नावली के परीक्षण चरण की तरह है। इस सर्वेक्षण के लिए एक छोटा समूह लिया जा रहा है ताकि उन सवालों के सवालों और उनके जवाबों का परीक्षण किया जा सके।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">पायलट सर्वेक्षण के लाभ:</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">प्रश्नों की कमियों और कमियों को जानने के लिए।</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">प्रश्नों की उपयुक्तता का आकलन करने में मदद करता है</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">निर्देशों की स्पष्टता, प्रगणकों के प्रदर्शन में मदद करता है</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">वास्तविक सर्वेक्षण में शामिल लागत और समय में मदद करें</span></p></li></ul><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">CENSUS AND SAMPLE SURVEYS </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Census</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">- A survey, which includes every element of the population, is known as Census or the Method of Complete Enumeration. This survey was carried out from every house of the country, rural and urban areas of the country. It contains:</span></p><br /><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Demographic data on birth and death rates </span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Literacy</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Employment</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">life expectancy</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Size and composition of population</span></p></li></ul><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In India population is counted by census method, it is conducted by the Registrar General of India. The last Census of India was held in 2011. According to the Census 2011, the population of India was 121.09 crore, which was 102.87 crore in 2001. Census 1901 indicated that the population of the country was 23.83 crore.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">जनगणना और नमूना सर्वेक्षण</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">जनगणना- एक सर्वेक्षण, जिसमें जनसंख्या के प्रत्येक तत्व को शामिल किया जाता है, जनगणना या पूर्ण गणना की विधि के रूप में जाना जाता है। यह सर्वे देश के हर घर, देश के ग्रामीण और शहरी इलाकों से किया गया। इसमें है:</span></p><br /><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">जन्म और मृत्यु दर पर जनसांख्यिकीय डेटा</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">साक्षरता</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">रोज़गार</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">जीवन प्रत्याशा</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">जनसंख्या का आकार और संरचना</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><br /></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">भारत में जनसंख्या की गणना जनगणना पद्धति द्वारा की जाती है, यह भारत के महापंजीयक द्वारा संचालित की जाती है। भारत की पिछली जनगणना 2011 में हुई थी। 2011 की जनगणना के अनुसार, भारत की जनसंख्या 121.09 करोड़ थी, जो 2001 में 102.87 करोड़ थी। जनगणना 1901 ने संकेत दिया कि देश की जनसंख्या 23.83 करोड़ थी।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Population and Sample </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Population -</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> In statistics population refers to target audiences where survey needs to be carried out. A population is always all the individuals/items who possess certain characteristics (or a set of characteristics), according to the purpose of the survey.This method would require huge expenditure, as a large number of enumerators have to be employed.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Sample-</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> A sample refers to a group or section of the population from which information is to be obtained. When a researcher is unable to study the whole population due to large numbers then they choose a sample method to study. </span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A good sample (representative sample) is generally smaller than the population and is capable of providing reasonably accurate information about the population at a much lower cost and shorter time. </span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> A sample can provide reasonably reliable and accurate information at a lower cost and shorter time.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">More detailed information can be collected by conducting intensive enquiries</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Need a smaller team of enumerators, it is easier to train them and supervise their work more effectively.</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Example:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-checked="false" aria-level="1" dir="ltr" role="checkbox" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Research problem: To study the economic condition of agricultural labourers in Churachandpur district of Manipur. </span></p></li><li aria-checked="false" aria-level="1" dir="ltr" role="checkbox" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Population: All agricultural labourers in Churachandpur district. </span></p></li><li aria-checked="false" aria-level="1" dir="ltr" role="checkbox" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Sample: Ten per cent of the agricultural labourers in Churachandpur district.</span></p></li></ul><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">जनसंख्या और नमूना</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">जनसंख्या - सांख्यिकी में जनसंख्या लक्षित दर्शकों को संदर्भित करती है जहाँ सर्वेक्षण करने की आवश्यकता होती है। सर्वेक्षण के उद्देश्य के अनुसार जनसंख्या हमेशा वे सभी व्यक्ति/वस्तुएं होती हैं जिनके पास कुछ विशेषताओं (या विशेषताओं का एक समूह) होता है। इस पद्धति के लिए भारी व्यय की आवश्यकता होगी, क्योंकि बड़ी संख्या में प्रगणकों को नियोजित करना पड़ता है।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">नमूना- एक नमूना आबादी के एक समूह या वर्ग को संदर्भित करता है जिससे जानकारी प्राप्त की जानी है। जब एक शोधकर्ता बड़ी संख्या के कारण पूरी आबादी का अध्ययन करने में असमर्थ होता है तो वे अध्ययन के लिए एक नमूना विधि चुनते हैं।</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">एक अच्छा नमूना (प्रतिनिधि नमूना) आम तौर पर जनसंख्या से छोटा होता है और बहुत कम लागत और कम समय में जनसंख्या के बारे में यथोचित सटीक जानकारी प्रदान करने में सक्षम होता है।</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> एक नमूना कम लागत और कम समय में यथोचित विश्वसनीय और सटीक जानकारी प्रदान कर सकता है।</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">गहन पूछताछ करके अधिक विस्तृत जानकारी एकत्र की जा सकती है</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">प्रगणकों की एक छोटी टीम की आवश्यकता है, उन्हें प्रशिक्षित करना और उनके काम का अधिक प्रभावी ढंग से पर्यवेक्षण करना आसान है।</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">उदाहरण:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> शोध समस्या: मणिपुर के चुराचांदपुर जिले में खेतिहर मजदूरों की आर्थिक स्थिति का अध्ययन करना।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">जनसंख्या: चुराचांदपुर जिले के सभी खेतिहर मजदूर।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">नमूना : चुराचांदपुर जिले के दस प्रतिशत खेतिहर मजदूर।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Types of sampling :</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Random Sampling- </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Where the individual units from the population (samples) are selected at random.In random sampling, every individual has an equal chance of being selected.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Example: </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The government wants to determine the impact of the rise in petrol price on the household budget of a particular locality. There are 300 houses(population) in the locality, now it's difficult, costly and time taking to study all 300 houses so it's decided to take a random sample of 30 houses,here every house gets an equal chance to get selected. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Non-Random Sampling -</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> In this method individual units need to be selected by the surveyor. Example: lets again understand by above example- There are 300 houses(population) in the locality, now it's difficult, costly and time taking to study all 300 houses so it's decided to sample 30 houses but these houses are selected by researchers. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">They are mainly selected on the basis of judgement, purpose, convenience or quota and are nonrandom samples.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">नमूने के प्रकार:</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">रैंडम सैंपलिंग-</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> जहां आबादी (नमूने) से अलग-अलग इकाइयों को यादृच्छिक रूप से चुना जाता है। रैंडम सैंपलिंग में, प्रत्येक व्यक्ति के चुने जाने की समान संभावना होती है।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">उदाहरण: सरकार किसी विशेष इलाके के घरेलू बजट पर पेट्रोल की कीमत में वृद्धि के प्रभाव को निर्धारित करना चाहती है। इलाके में ३०० घर हैं, अब सभी ३०० घरों का अध्ययन करना मुश्किल, महंगा और समय लेने वाला है, इसलिए ३० घरों का एक यादृच्छिक नमूना लेने का फैसला किया गया है, यहां हर घर को चुने जाने का समान मौका मिलता है।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">गैर-यादृच्छिक नमूनाकरण </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">- इस पद्धति में सर्वेक्षक द्वारा अलग-अलग इकाइयों का चयन करने की आवश्यकता होती है। उदाहरण: उपरोक्त उदाहरण से फिर से समझते हैं- इलाके में 300 घर (आबादी) हैं, अब सभी 300 घरों का अध्ययन करना मुश्किल, महंगा और समय लेने वाला है, इसलिए 30 घरों का नमूना लेने का फैसला किया गया है लेकिन इन घरों का चयन शोधकर्ताओं द्वारा किया गया है।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">वे मुख्य रूप से निर्णय, उद्देश्य, सुविधा या कोटा के आधार पर चुने जाते हैं और गैर-यादृच्छिक नमूने होते हैं।</span></p><br /><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">SAMPLING AND NON-SAMPLING ERRORS</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Sampling errors are the difference between the sampling result and actual population result or the difference between the actual value of a parameter of the population and its estimate (from the sample) is the sampling error. example:</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Consider a case of the incomes of 5 farmers of Manipur. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The variable x (income of farmers) has measure-ments 500, 550, 600, 650, 700. We note that the population average of (500+550+600+650+700) ÷ 5 = 3000 ÷ 5 = 600. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Now, suppose we select a sample of two individuals where x has measurements of 500 and 600. The sample average is (500 + 600) ÷ 2 = 1100 ÷ 2 = 550. Here, the sampling error of the estimate = 600 (true value) – 550 (estimate) = 50</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">नमूनाकरण और गैर-नमूनाकरण त्रुटियां</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">नमूनाकरण त्रुटियां नमूना परिणाम और वास्तविक जनसंख्या परिणाम के बीच का अंतर है या जनसंख्या के एक पैरामीटर के वास्तविक मूल्य और उसके अनुमान (नमूने से) के बीच का अंतर नमूनाकरण त्रुटि है। उदाहरण:</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">मणिपुर के 5 किसानों की आय के एक मामले पर विचार करें।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">चर x (किसानों की आय) का माप 500, 550, 600, 650, 700 है। हम देखते हैं कि जनसंख्या औसत (500+550+600+650+700) 5 = 3000 5 = 600 है।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">अब, मान लीजिए कि हम दो व्यक्तियों के एक नमूने का चयन करते हैं जहां x का माप 500 और 600 है। नमूना औसत (500 + 600) ÷ 2 = 1100 2 = 550 है। यहां, अनुमान की नमूना त्रुटि = 600 (सही मान) ) - 550 (अनुमान) = 50।</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">NON-SAMPLING ERRORS</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Non- sampling errors occur due to those data or populations which remain unchecked or unsurveyed. Even by taking a large sample. Even a Census can contain non-sampling errors. Some of the non-sampling.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Some of the errors are:</span></p><br /><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Sampling Bias: it states choosing or not choosing sample members from the population. Example: a survey needs to be conducted to know which brand of a particular milk drink by people, now surveyors don't want to include low level income groups. Hence the result would vary a lot or might not be correct</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="2" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Non-Response Errors - Non-response occurs if an interviewer is unable to contact a person listed in the sample or a person from the sample refuses to respond.</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="3" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Errors in Data Acquisition-This type of error arises from recording of incorrect responses. Recording mistakes can also take place as the enumerators or the respondents may commit errors in recording or transcribing the data, for example, he/ she may record 13 instead of 31.</span></p></li></ol><br /><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">गैर-नमूनाकरण त्रुटियां</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">गैर-नमूनाकरण त्रुटियां उन डेटा या आबादी के कारण होती हैं जो अनियंत्रित या बिना सर्वेक्षण के रहती हैं। बड़ा सैंपल लेकर भी। यहां तक कि एक जनगणना में भी गैर-नमूनाकरण त्रुटियां हो सकती हैं। कुछ गैर-नमूनाकरण।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">त्रुटियों में से कुछ हैं:</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">नमूनाकरण पूर्वाग्रह: यह जनसंख्या से नमूना सदस्यों को चुनने या न चुनने की बात करता है। उदाहरण: यह जानने के लिए एक सर्वेक्षण करने की आवश्यकता है कि लोगों द्वारा किस ब्रांड का दूध पीना है, अब सर्वेक्षक निम्न स्तर के आय समूहों को शामिल नहीं करना चाहते हैं। इसलिए परिणाम बहुत भिन्न होगा या सही नहीं हो सकता है</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">गैर-प्रतिक्रिया त्रुटियां - गैर-प्रतिक्रिया तब होती है जब कोई साक्षात्कारकर्ता नमूने में सूचीबद्ध किसी व्यक्ति से संपर्क करने में असमर्थ होता है या नमूने का कोई व्यक्ति प्रतिक्रिया देने से इनकार करता है।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">डेटा अधिग्रहण में त्रुटियां- इस प्रकार की त्रुटि गलत प्रतिक्रियाओं की रिकॉर्डिंग से उत्पन्न होती है। रिकॉर्डिंग की गलतियाँ भी हो सकती हैं क्योंकि गणक या उत्तरदाता डेटा को रिकॉर्ड करने या ट्रांसक्रिप्ट करने में त्रुटियाँ कर सकते हैं, उदाहरण के लिए, वह 31 के बजाय 13 रिकॉर्ड कर सकता है।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">CENSUS OF INDIA AND NSSO</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">There are some agencies related to data collection and calculation on state and national in India, like: </span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">National level are Census of India, National Sample Survey (NSS)</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Central Statistics Office (CSO)</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Registrar General of India (RGI)</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Directorate General of Commercial Intelligence and Statistics (DGCIS)</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Labour Bureau</span></p></li></ul><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Census of India provides the most complete and continuous demographic record of population. The Census has been regularly conducted every ten years since 1881.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Census officials collect information on various aspects of population such as the size, density, sex ratio, literacy, migration, rural-urban distribution, they analyse and interpretate the data. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The NSS was established by the Government of India to conduct nationwide surveys on socio-economic issues</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">NSS provides periodic estimates of literacy, school enrolment, utilisation of educational services, employment, unemployment, manufacturing and service sector enterprises, morbidity, maternity, child care, utilisation of the public distribution system etc through its quarterly called journal Sarvekshana.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Data collected by NSS used by the government to form policies.Some of the surveys are:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The NSS 60th round survey (January–June 2004) was on morbidity and healthcare.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The NSS 68th round survey (2011-12) was on consumer expenditure.</span></p></li></ul><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">भारत की जनगणना और एनएसएसओ</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">भारत में राज्य और राष्ट्रीय पर डेटा संग्रह और गणना से संबंधित कुछ एजेंसियां हैं, जैसे:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">राष्ट्रीय स्तर पर भारत की जनगणना, राष्ट्रीय नमूना सर्वेक्षण (एनएसएस) हैं</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">केंद्रीय सांख्यिकी कार्यालय (सीएसओ)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">भारत के महापंजीयक (आरजीआई)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">वाणिज्यिक खुफिया और सांख्यिकी महानिदेशालय (डीजीसीआईएस)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">श्रम ब्यूरो</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">भारत की जनगणना जनसंख्या का सबसे पूर्ण और निरंतर जनसांख्यिकीय रिकॉर्ड प्रदान करती है। जनगणना 1881 से हर दस साल में नियमित रूप से की जाती रही है।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">जनगणना अधिकारी जनसंख्या के विभिन्न पहलुओं जैसे आकार, घनत्व, लिंग अनुपात, साक्षरता, प्रवास, ग्रामीण-शहरी वितरण के बारे में जानकारी एकत्र करते हैं, वे डेटा का विश्लेषण और व्याख्या करते हैं।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">एनएसएस की स्थापना भारत सरकार द्वारा सामाजिक-आर्थिक मुद्दों पर राष्ट्रव्यापी सर्वेक्षण करने के लिए की गई थी</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">एनएसएस अपनी त्रैमासिक पत्रिका सर्वेक्षण के माध्यम से साक्षरता, स्कूल नामांकन, शैक्षिक सेवाओं के उपयोग, रोजगार, बेरोजगारी, विनिर्माण और सेवा क्षेत्र के उद्यमों, रुग्णता, मातृत्व, बाल देखभाल, सार्वजनिक वितरण प्रणाली के उपयोग आदि के आवधिक अनुमान प्रदान करता है।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">सरकार द्वारा नीतियां बनाने के लिए उपयोग किए जाने वाले एनएसएस द्वारा एकत्र किए गए डेटा। कुछ सर्वेक्षण हैं:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">एनएसएस के 60वें दौर का सर्वेक्षण (जनवरी-जून 2004) रुग्णता और स्वास्थ्य देखभाल पर था।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">एनएसएस 68वें दौर का सर्वेक्षण (2011-12) उपभोक्ता व्यय पर था।</span></p><br /><br /><br /><br /></span>Ynothttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17573515841561335765noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2705589226733100549.post-259141602525353342022-09-03T06:01:00.003-07:002022-09-03T06:01:38.743-07:00NCERT Class 9 English Moments Chapter 7 The Last Leaf,एनसीईआरटी कक्षा 9 अंग्रेजी क्षण अध्याय 7 अंतिम पत्ता<p> <span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">The last leaf</span></p><span id="docs-internal-guid-96616a75-7fff-106e-8e58-8c304b0af776"><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">This is the story of two friends Sue and johnsy who lived together in a flat on 3 floors in an old building. They both were painters. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Johnsy was seriously ill and laid in bed for a long time. She doesn't eat and speak to anyone. Doctor visited johnsy every other day but she was not getting well. Doctor told Sue, johnsy can get better but there was something in her mind , she didn't want to live.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Sue got tensed and she tried her best to make Johnsy take an interest in things around her. She talked about clothes and fashions, but Johnsy did not respond. Johnsy continued to lie still on her bed.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Then suddenly Sue heard some whisper from johnsy, she was counting leaves falling from Evy tree as this is autumn season and it's raining heavily with cold wind and it's obvious to fall leaves of all trees. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">यह दो दोस्तों सू और जॉन्सी की कहानी है जो एक पुरानी इमारत में 3 मंजिल के एक फ्लैट में एक साथ रहते थे। वे दोनों चित्रकार थे।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">जॉन्सी निमोनिया से गंभीर रूप से बीमार थे और लंबे समय तक बिस्तर पर पड़े रहे। वह न खाती है और न किसी से बात करती है। डॉक्टर हर दूसरे दिन जॉनी के पास जाते थे लेकिन वह ठीक नहीं हो रही थी। डॉक्टर ने सू को बताया, जॉनी ठीक हो सकती है लेकिन जॉनी के मन में कुछ था, वह जीना नहीं चाहती थी।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">सू परेशान हो गई और उसने जॉन्सी को अपने आस-पास की चीजों में दिलचस्पी लेने की पूरी कोशिश की। उसने कपड़े और फैशन के बारे में बात की, लेकिन जॉन्सी ने कोई जवाब नहीं दिया। जॉन्सी अपने बिस्तर पर स्थिर लेटी रही।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">फिर अचानक सू ने जॉन्सी से कुछ फुसफुसाहट सुनी, वह इस शरद ऋतु के रूप में ईवी पेड़ से गिरने वाले पत्तों की गिनती कर रही थी और ठंडी हवा के साथ भारी बारिश हो रही है और सभी पेड़ों के पत्ते गिरना स्पष्ट है।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Sue relaxed johnsy and said she will not die and sue wanted to paint something, for light in the room, she can't close the curtains and begged johnsy to not look outside.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Now, Sue rushed down. Behrman lived on the ground floor and she told everything to him. Behrman came with her upstairs to see johnsy but behrman didn't say any word and went back.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Again johnsy was saying the same thing and looking outside to see the fall of last leave but it was still there but it was raining and stormy night. Then Sue hesitatingly removed the curtain and they both saw that the leaves were still there. Again one more Strom came but leave didn't fall and johnsy was looking constantly .</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">सू ने जॉन्सी को आराम दिया और कहा कि वह नहीं मरेगी और कुछ पेंट करना चाहता था, वह पर्दे बंद नहीं कर सकती थी और जॉन्सी से बाहर न देखने की भीख माँगती थी।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">अब, सू नीचे दौड़ा। बेहरमन भूतल पर रहता था और उसने उसे सब कुछ बताया। बेहरमन उसके ऊपर जॉन्सी को देखने के लिए आया था लेकिन बेहरमन ने कोई शब्द नहीं कहा और वापस चला गया।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">जॉन्सी फिर वही बात कह रहा था और आखिरी छुट्टी के लिए बाहर देख रहा था लेकिन यह अभी भी था लेकिन बारिश और तूफानी रात थी। तब सू ने झिझकते हुए परदा हटा दिया और उन दोनों ने देखा कि पत्ते अभी भी वहीं हैं। फिर से एक और स्ट्रोम आया लेकिन छुट्टी नहीं गिरी और जॉनी लगातार देख रहा था।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">After watching that leave didn't fall and realised, she was a bad girl and had not cooperated with Sue. She has been depressed and gloomy. The last leaf has shown her how wicked she has been. She has realised that it is a sin to want to die.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Sue was very happy after johnsy's mental recovery. Doctor came to see johnsy and told them, he has to see behrman because he was suffering from pneumonia and has only 2 days to live. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Next day Sue told johnsy that behrman was dead due to him getting wet in the rain because he was painting a masterpiece of his life and that was the last green leaf of the tree which johnsy was watching and waiting to fall. That’s Behrman’s masterpiece. He painted it the night the last leaf fell.”</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">यह देखने के बाद कि छुट्टी नहीं हुई और महसूस किया कि वह एक बुरी लड़की थी और उसने सू के साथ सहयोग नहीं किया था। वह उदास और उदास हो गई है। आखिरी पत्ते ने उसे दिखाया है कि वह कितनी दुष्ट है। उसने महसूस किया है कि मरना पाप है।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> जॉनी के मानसिक रूप से ठीक होने के बाद सू बहुत खुश थी। डॉक्टर जॉन्सी को देखने आए और उनसे कहा, उन्हें बहर्मन देखना है क्योंकि वह निमोनिया से पीड़ित थे और उनके पास जीने के लिए केवल 2 दिन हैं।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">अगले दिन सू ने जॉन्सी से कहा कि बेहरमन बारिश में भीगने के कारण मर गया था क्योंकि वह अपने जीवन की एक उत्कृष्ट कृति चित्रित कर रहा था और वह पेड़ का आखिरी हरा पत्ता था जिसे जॉनी देख रहा था और गिरने का इंतजार कर रहा था। यह बेहरमन की उत्कृष्ट कृति है। जिस रात आखिरी पत्ता गिरा, उसी रात उसने इसे चित्रित किया।</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Q1- What is Johnsy’s illness? What can cure her, the medicine or the willingness to live?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ans-1 Johnsy was suffering from pneumonia. Her willingness to live only can cure her.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2.Do you think the feeling of depression Johnsy has is common among teenagers?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ans-2 Yes, Johnsy was suffering from depression which is very common among teenagers. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3.Behrman has a dream. What is it? Will it come true?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ans-3 Behram had one dream to paint a masterpiece of his life for which he would be remembered by everyone for long. Yes, he got a chance at his life’s masterpiece .</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">4.What is Behrman’s masterpiece? What makes Sue say so?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ans-4 Behrman's masterpiece was an ivy leaf. He painted that leaf so beautifully it seems like a real leaf. Sue said it so because this painting saved the life of johnsy who was waiting to fall that last leaf to die but she got disguised by painting and found real ivy leaves which didn't fall and gave her hope to live and leave the idea of death.</span></p><br /><br /><br /></span>Ynothttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17573515841561335765noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2705589226733100549.post-26531046744375317912022-09-03T05:59:00.002-07:002022-09-03T05:59:22.316-07:00NCERT Class 9 English Moments Chapter 3 Iswaran the Storyteller,एनसीईआरटी कक्षा 9 अंग्रेजी क्षण अध्याय 3 ईश्वरन कथाकार<p> <span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;">Iswaran the Storyteller</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">This chapter is about a storyteller person iswaran who lived with author name mahender who is narrating various stories and listening experiences from iswaran who is also his cook and has exceptional talent of growing vegetables in odd conditions. He cooks delicious food and also other household work for him like washing clothes and arranging things at home. Ishwaran remains with him wherever mahender goes for work.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">यह अध्याय एक कहानीकार व्यक्ति ईश्वरन के बारे में है, जो लेखक नाम महेंद्र के साथ रहता था, जो ईश्वरन से विभिन्न कहानियाँ और सुनने के अनुभव सुना रहा है, जो उसका रसोइया भी है और विषम परिस्थितियों में सब्जियां उगाने की असाधारण प्रतिभा है। वह स्वादिष्ट खाना बनाती है और उसके लिए घर के अन्य काम जैसे कपड़े धोना और घर पर चीजों की व्यवस्था करना। महेंद्र जहां भी काम के लिए जाता है वहां ईश्वरन उसके साथ रहता है।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Iswaran is a great story teller and he tells small incidents with great conviction. He got this skill from Tamil thriller books. Mahendra narrated 3 incidents which he listened from ishwaran :</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">ईश्वरन एक महान कहानीकार हैं और वे छोटी-छोटी घटनाओं को बड़े विश्वास के साथ बताते हैं, उन्हें यह कौशल तमिल थ्रिलर किताबों से मिला है। महेन्द्र ने ईश्वरन से सुनी हुई 3 घटनाएँ सुनाईं :</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">First how ishwaran describes an uprooted tree on the highway like he was walking on deserted road. Suddenly he found an enormous beast lying on the road so his eyebrows got uplifted and hands out in a dramatic gesture, when he got close it was a fallen tree.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">सबसे पहले ईश्वरन ने हाईवे पर एक उखड़े हुए पेड़ का वर्णन कैसे किया जैसे वह सुनसान सड़क पर चल रहा था। अचानक उसे सड़क पर एक विशाल जानवर पड़ा हुआ मिला, तो उसकी भौंहें ऊपर उठ गईं और एक नाटकीय इशारे में हाथ बाहर निकाल दिया, जब वह पास गया तो वह एक गिरा हुआ पेड़ था।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">The other story was from his school time and place to which he belongs. It is a place famous for firewood and one day an elephant went mad in the wild and it came out on the outskirts of his city where the elephant destroyed everything in its path. Tax devastation. Entering the school premises where Easwaran studied, everyone went to the terrace to save themselves. The elephants destroyed the water tank and tore the nets of football and volleyball. Easwaran then told how he faced the elephant with great courage and scared the mad elephant from himself.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;"> hउसके स्कूल के समय की दूसरी कहानी जहां से वह संबंधित है, यह लकड़ी की लकड़ी के लिए प्रसिद्ध जगह है और एक दिन एक हाथी जंगली में पागल हो गया और यह उसके शहर के बाहरी इलाके में निकला जहां हाथी ने अपने रास्ते में सब कुछ नष्ट कर तबाही मचाई। स्कूल परिसर में प्रवेश किया जहां ईश्वरन पढ़ता था, सभी खुद को बचाने के लिए छत पर चले गए। हाथियों ने पानी की टंकी को नष्ट कर दिया और फुटबॉल और वॉलीबॉल के जाल फाड़ दिए। तब ईश्वरन ने बताया कि कैसे उसने उस हाथी का बहुत साहस से सामना किया और पागल हाथी को अपने से डरा दिया।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Mahendra said he loves to listen to all stories of ishwaran whether they are true or hypothetical due to his storytelling style.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">महेंद्र ने कहा कि वह ईश्वरन की सभी कहानियों को सुनना पसंद करते हैं, चाहे वे सत्य हों या काल्पनिक, उनकी कहानी कहने की शैली के कारण।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Last incident was a bit scary for mahindra because ishwaran told Mahendra that the place where they both are living is haunted. He sees human skulls and bones every other day plus at every full moon he sees a woman with matted hair and a shrivelled face, like a skeleton holding a foetus in its arms.`` It made Mahendra very scared that on one night full moon he got badly scared from a cat's voice that he thought it was something else and then he calmed himself by thinking it is his subconscious mind working. Next day when ishwaran tried to explain again last night's incident, mahender didn't listen to it and left that haunted place after some days.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">पिछली घटना महिंद्रा के लिए थोड़ी डरावनी थी क्योंकि ईश्वरन ने महेंद्र से कहा कि जिस जगह पर वे दोनों रह रहे हैं वह भूतिया है। वह हर दूसरे दिन मानव खोपड़ी और हड्डियों को देखता है, साथ ही हर पूर्णिमा पर वह एक महिला को उलझा हुआ बाल और एक सिकुड़ा हुआ चेहरा देखता है, जैसे कंकाल अपनी बाहों में एक भ्रूण को पकड़े हुए है। 'इससे महेंद्र को बहुत डर लगा कि एक रात पूर्णिमा को वह एक बिल्ली की आवाज से बुरी तरह डर गया कि उसे लगा कि यह कुछ और है और फिर उसने यह सोचकर खुद को शांत किया कि यह उसका अवचेतन मन काम कर रहा है। अगले दिन जब ईश्वरन ने कल रात की घटना को फिर से समझाने की कोशिश की, तो महेंद्र ने एक नहीं सुना और कुछ दिनों के बाद उस प्रेतवाधित स्थान को छोड़ दिया।</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Q1- In what way is Ishwaran an asset to Mahendra</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Ans 1-Mahendra not only cooks food,grows vegetables in no where,takes care of ishwaran and household work but he is like a friend and entertainer for him, who narrates various interesting stories with his great style, so ishwaran doesn't require tv for entertainment.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">2. How does Iswaran describe the uprooted tree on the highway? What effect does he want to create in his listeners?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Ans 2- he described an uprooted tree on the highway like he was walking on a deserted road. Suddenly he found an enormous beast lying on the road so his eyebrows got uplifted and hands out in a dramatic gesture, when he got close it was a fallen tree.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">He wants to create suspenseful and thrilling environments for listeners.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">3. How does he narrate the story of the tusker? Does it appear to be plausible?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Ans 3- he narrated the story of tusker like a thriller movie wherein he wants to portray himself as a hero who stopped and scared the elephant while elephant was villain who destroyed many things.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Yes, it was plausible like a thriller movie.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Q4- Why does the author say that Iswaran seemed to more than make up for the absence of a TV in Mahendra’s living quarters?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Ans 4- the author say that Iswaran seemed to more than make up for the absence of a TV in Mahendra’s living quarters because ishwaran style of narrating stories were similar to movies and programs aired on TV. It's all because Iswaran read the Tamil author books and magazines, so these have a complete influence on him.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">5. Mahendra calls ghosts or spirits a figment of the imagination. What happens to him on a full-moon night?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Ans 5- Mahendra calls ghosts or spirits a figment of the imagination because ishwaran told Mahendra that the place where they both are living is haunted. He sees human skulls and bones every other day plus at every full moon he sees a woman with matted hair and a shrivelled face, like a skeleton holding a foetus in its arms.`` It made Mahendra very scared that on one night full moon he got badly scared from a cat's voice that he thought it was something else and then he calmed himself by thinking it is his subconscious mind working.</span></p><p><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">6. Can you think of some other ending for the story?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">Ans 6- this ending is good but one another ending was also possible, where Mahendra can find the reason for all these things. But he had a full time job so after a whole day of work, he needs to find extra time and moreover courage for this.</span></p><p><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></p>Ynothttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17573515841561335765noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2705589226733100549.post-64299088233136132612022-09-03T05:53:00.004-07:002022-09-03T05:53:29.058-07:00NCERT Class 8 Science Chapter 4 Materials Metals and Non Metals,एनसीईआरटी कक्षा 8 विज्ञान अध्याय 4 सामग्री धातु और अधातु, MATERIALS : METALS AND NON-METALS<div><br></div><div>Materials generally distinguish into 2 things </div><div>Metals- </div><div><br></div><div>Non-metal-</div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div>सामग्री आम तौर पर 2 चीजों में अंतर करती है</div><div>धातुओं</div><div>गैर धातु</div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div> </div><div> Properties गुण</div><div> </div><div>Metals</div><div>धातुओं</div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div>Non-metals</div><div>गैर धातु</div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div>1 Physical Properties of Metals and Non-metals</div><div>धातुओं और अधातुओं के भौतिक गुण</div><div>a.Malleability- it is the characteristic of substances to convert into thin sheets,When it gets beaten.</div><div>क. लोचनीयता- पीटने पर यह पदार्थों का पतली चादर में परिवर्तित हो जाने का लक्षण है।</div><div><br></div><div> </div><div><br></div><div>Yes</div><div> हां</div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div>Example: Iron sheets</div><div>Silver sheets</div><div>Aluminium sheets</div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div>उदाहरण: लोहे की चादरें</div><div>Metal sheets.</div><div>मेटल शीट।</div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div>No</div><div>नहीं</div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div>b. Electricity and heat conductor plus The property of substance by which it can be drawn or spread into wires is called Ductility. This is why we have wires made of aluminium, copper. </div><div>विद्युत और ऊष्मा चालक प्लस पदार्थ का वह गुण जिसके द्वारा उसे खींचा जा सकता है या तारों में फैलाया जा सकता है, तन्यता कहलाता है। यही कारण है कि हमारे पास एल्यूमीनियम, तांबे के तार हैं।</div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div>Good conductor of both and ductile.</div><div>Example: one cannot hold a super-heated frying pan therefore plastic is being used to make a handle to hold the pan.</div><div> There is always a plastic handle on the metal screw driver to stop passing electricity or current from it.</div><div> </div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div>तन्य और दोनों का अच्छा संवाहक।</div><div>उदाहरण: कोई एक सुपर-हीटेड फ्राइंग पैन नहीं रख सकता है इसलिए प्लास्टिक का उपयोग पैन को पकड़ने के लिए हैंडल बनाने के लिए किया जा रहा है।</div><div> धातु के स्क्रू ड्राइवर पर हमेशा एक प्लास्टिक का हैंडल होता है जो उसमें से बिजली या करंट को गुजरने से रोकता है।</div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div>Bad conductor of both and non ductile.</div><div>Wood</div><div>Plastic</div><div>Stone</div><div>Sulphur</div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div>Plastic frying pan handle to hold heated pan.</div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div>दोनों और गैर-नमनीय दोनों के खराब कंडक्टर।</div><div>लकड़ी</div><div>प्लास्टिक</div><div>पथरी</div><div>गंधक</div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div>गरम पैन रखने के लिए प्लास्टिक फ्राइंग पैन हैंडल</div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div>3. Substances produce ringing sounds, they are said to be sonorous.</div><div>3. पदार्थ ध्वनि उत्पन्न करते हैं, उन्हें ध्वनिक कहा जाता है।</div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div>2. Chemical Properties of Metals and Non-metals.</div><div>Reaction with Oxygen</div><div><br></div><div>2. धातुओं और अधातुओं के रासायनिक गुण।</div><div>ऑक्सीजन के साथ प्रतिक्रिया</div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div>Reaction with Water</div><div> पानी के साथ प्रतिक्रिया</div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div>Reactions with Acids</div><div>अम्लों के साथ अभिक्रिया</div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div>Uses </div><div>उपयोग</div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div>Yes</div><div>Metals always produce ringing sounds.</div><div>Temple bells and rings are made up of metal i.s brass.</div><div><br></div><div>The materials which generally possess all these properties are called metals. The examples of metals are iron, copper, aluminium, calcium, magnesium, </div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div>हां</div><div>धातुएं हमेशा बजने वाली आवाजें पैदा करती हैं।</div><div>मंदिर की घंटियाँ और अंगूठियाँ धातु यानी पीतल से बनी होती हैं।</div><div><br></div><div>वे पदार्थ जिनमें सामान्यतः ये सभी गुण होते हैं, धातु कहलाते हैं। धातुओं के उदाहरण लोहा, तांबा, एल्युमिनियम, कैल्शियम, मैग्नीशियम</div><div><br></div><div>Metal when react with oxygen form metallic oxides and procure base nature. Example: when magnesium strips dissolved in water, it makes oxide of magnesium which is base in nature.</div><div> </div><div>2 Mg(s) + O2(g) → 2 MgO(s)</div><div>धातु जब ऑक्सीजन के साथ क्रिया करती है तो धात्विक ऑक्साइड बनाती है और क्षार प्रकृति प्राप्त करती है। उदाहरण: जब मैग्नीशियम की पट्टी पानी में घुल जाती है, तो यह मैग्नीशियम का ऑक्साइड बनाती है जो प्रकृति में आधार है।</div><div><br></div><div>2 Mg(s) + O2(g) → 2 MgO(s</div><div><br></div><div>Metal reacts with water and air.</div><div>Iron when kept in open air and air has moisture in it that oxidises the iron i.s called erosion. </div><div><br></div><div>धातु जल और वायु के साथ अभिक्रिया करती है।</div><div>लोहे को जब खुली हवा में रखा जाता है और हवा में नमी होती है जो लोहे को ऑक्सीकृत करती है तो इसे अपरदन कहते हैं।</div><div><br></div><div>Reactive. metals react with acids and produce hydrogen gas that burns with a ‘pop’ sound</div><div>Example: copper reacts with sulphuric acid.</div><div>प्रतिक्रियाशील। धातुएं एसिड के साथ प्रतिक्रिया करती हैं और हाइड्रोजन गैस उत्पन्न करती हैं जो 'पॉप' ध्वनि के साथ जलती हैं</div><div>उदाहरण: कॉपर सल्फ्यूरिक अम्ल के साथ अभिक्रिया करता है।</div><div><br></div><div>Metals are used in making machinery, automobiles, aeroplanes, trains, satellites, industrial gadgets, cooking utensils, water boilers.</div><div>धातुओं का उपयोग मशीनरी, ऑटोमोबाइल, हवाई जहाज, ट्रेन, उपग्रह, औद्योगिक उपकरण, खाना पकाने के बर्तन, पानी के बॉयलर बनाने में किया जाता है।</div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div>No</div><div>Non-metal did not produce any ringing sound.</div><div>They break down into a powdery mass on tapping with a hammer. They are not sonorous and are poor conductors of heat and electricity. These materials are called non-metals. The examples of non-metals are sulphur, carbon, oxygen, phosphorus, etc.</div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div>Phosphorus started burning when its come in contact with air</div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div>नहीं</div><div>अधातु ने कोई बजने वाली ध्वनि उत्पन्न नहीं की।</div><div>हथौड़े से थपथपाने पर वे चूर्ण द्रव्यमान में टूट जाते हैं। वे ध्वनिहीन नहीं होते हैं और ऊष्मा और बिजली के कुचालक होते हैं। इन पदार्थों को अधातु कहते हैं। अधातुओं के उदाहरण सल्फर, कार्बन, ऑक्सीजन, फास्फोरस आदि हैं।</div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div>When non-metal substances react with oxygen it creates acidic substances in nature. Example: sulphur reacts with oxygen it creates sulphur dioxide which is acidic in nature</div><div> S + O2 → SO2</div><div>जब गैर-धातु पदार्थ ऑक्सीजन के साथ प्रतिक्रिया करते हैं तो यह प्रकृति में अम्लीय पदार्थ बनाता है। उदाहरण: सल्फर ऑक्सीजन के साथ प्रतिक्रिया करता है यह सल्फर डाइऑक्साइड बनाता है जो प्रकृति में अम्लीय है</div><div>S + O2 → SO2</div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div>These do not react with air and water.</div><div>Phosphorus is highly reactive in air, that's why it keeps in water.</div><div><br></div><div> ये हवा और पानी के साथ प्रतिक्रिया नहीं करते हैं।</div><div>फास्फोरस हवा में अत्यधिक प्रतिक्रियाशील होता है, इसलिए यह पानी में रहता है।</div><div><br></div><div> </div><div><br></div><div>Non-reactive </div><div>गैर प्रतिक्रियाशील</div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div>Non-metal is essential for our life which all living beings inhale during breathing.</div><div>Non-metals used in fertilisers to enhance the growth of plants.</div><div> Non-metal used in the water purification process.</div><div>Non-metal used in the purple coloured solution which is applied on wounds as an antiseptic.</div><div>Non-metals used in crackers.</div><div>अधातु हमारे जीवन के लिए आवश्यक है जिसे सभी जीवित प्राणी सांस लेते समय सांस लेते हैं।</div><div>पौधों की वृद्धि को बढ़ाने के लिए उर्वरकों में प्रयुक्त अधातुएँ।</div><div> जल शोधन प्रक्रिया में प्रयुक्त अधातु।</div><div>बैंगनी रंग के घोल में प्रयुक्त अधातु जो घावों पर एंटीसेप्टिक के रूप में लगाया जाता है।</div><div>पटाखों में प्रयुक्त अधातु।</div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div>Displacement Reactions- A chemical reaction in which a more reactive element is displaced by the less reactive element from its compound is called a displacement reaction. </div><div>Example: </div><div>The reaction can be represented as follows: </div><div><br></div><div>Copper Sulphate (CuSO4 ) + Zinc (Zn) (Blue) → Zinc Sulphate (ZnSO4 ) + Copper (Cu) (Colourless) (Red)</div><div><br></div><div>The rule here is that zinc is more reactive than copper and iron. A more reactive metal can replace a less reactive metal, but a less reactive one cannot replace a more reactive metal.</div><div><br></div><div> </div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div>विस्थापन अभिक्रियाएँ- वह रासायनिक अभिक्रिया जिसमें अधिक क्रियाशील तत्व कम क्रियाशील तत्व अपने यौगिक से विस्थापित हो जाता है, विस्थापन अभिक्रिया कहलाती है।</div><div>उदाहरण:</div><div>प्रतिक्रिया को निम्नानुसार दर्शाया जा सकता है:</div><div><br></div><div>कॉपर सल्फेट (CuSO4) + जिंक (Zn) (नीला) → जिंक सल्फेट (ZnSO4) + कॉपर (Cu) (रंगहीन) (लाल)</div><div><br></div><div>यहां नियम यह है कि जस्ता तांबे और लोहे की तुलना में अधिक प्रतिक्रियाशील है। एक अधिक प्रतिक्रियाशील धातु कम प्रतिक्रियाशील धातु को प्रतिस्थापित कर सकती है, लेकिन एक कम प्रतिक्रियाशील धातु अधिक प्रतिक्रियाशील धातु को प्रतिस्थापित नहीं कर सकती है।</div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div>Element- if a substance cannot be broken down further by chemical reactions, by cooling, heating, or by electrolysis, it is called ‘element’. Example: sulphur,iron and carbon. There are no more than 94 naturally occurring elements. An important classification of elements is in terms of metals and non-metals. Most of the elements are metals. Less than 20 are non-metals. A few are metalloids which possess characters of both metals and nonmetals.</div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div>Atom- The smallest unit of an element is atom. A sample of an element contains only one kind of atom. The atom of an element remains unaffected by physical changes in the element. For example, an atom of liquid sulphur would be exactly the same as the atom of solid or vapour sulphur.</div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div>तत्व- यदि किसी पदार्थ को रासायनिक अभिक्रियाओं द्वारा, ठंडा करके, गर्म करके या इलेक्ट्रोलिसिस द्वारा और अधिक नहीं तोड़ा जा सकता है, तो इसे 'तत्व' कहा जाता है। उदाहरण: सल्फर, लोहा और कार्बन। प्राकृतिक रूप से पाए जाने वाले 94 से अधिक तत्व नहीं हैं। धातुओं और अधातुओं के संदर्भ में तत्वों का एक महत्वपूर्ण वर्गीकरण है। अधिकांश तत्व धातु हैं। 20 से कम अधातु हैं। कुछ उपधातु हैं जिनमें धातु और अधातु दोनों के लक्षण होते हैं।</div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div>परमाणु- किसी तत्व की सबसे छोटी इकाई परमाणु होती है। किसी तत्व के नमूने में केवल एक ही प्रकार का परमाणु होता है। किसी तत्व का परमाणु उस तत्व में होने वाले भौतिक परिवर्तनों से अप्रभावित रहता है। उदाहरण के लिए, तरल सल्फर का परमाणु बिल्कुल ठोस या वाष्प सल्फर के परमाणु के समान होगा।</div><div><br></div><div><br></div>Ynothttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17573515841561335765noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2705589226733100549.post-51585837552992855012022-09-03T05:51:00.001-07:002022-09-03T05:51:10.010-07:00NCERT Class 8 English Honeydew Chapter 1 The Best Christmas Present in the World,एनसीईआरटी कक्षा 8 अंग्रेजी हनीड्यू अध्याय 1 दुनिया में सबसे अच्छा क्रिसमस उपहार<p> <span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Best Christmas Present in the World</span></p><span id="docs-internal-guid-7b6f1555-7fff-26f0-2732-64ede4203e93"><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">This is a story told by the author, he went to a junk shop in Bridport, he spotted a room top table over there made from oak but it was costly, then he found another table but its condition was bad. It had stains of water and burnt up marks. Due to this condition, it was cheap and he bought it and on Christmas Eve, he started repairing it.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">He took out all the drawers from the table but the last drawer stuck badly and he pulled it forcefully. It opened and he found a small tin box. He was hesitant to open the box, as his curiosity arose he opened the box and he found an envelope with the address read: “Mrs Jim Macpherson, 12 Copper Beeches, Bridport, Dorset." and was a letter and he unfolded it. It was written in pencil and dated at the top — “December 26, 1914”. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">यह लेखक द्वारा बताई गई कहानी है, वह ब्रिडपोर्ट में एक कबाड़ की दुकान पर गया, उसने वहां ओक से बनी एक कमरे की टॉप टेबल देखी, लेकिन वह महंगी थी, फिर उसे एक और टेबल मिली लेकिन उसकी हालत खराब थी। उसमें पानी के धब्बे और जले हुए निशान थे। इस हालत के कारण यह सस्ता हो गया और उन्होंने इसे खरीद लिया और क्रिसमस की पूर्व संध्या पर उन्होंने इसकी मरम्मत शुरू कर दी।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">उसने मेज से सारी दराजें निकाल लीं लेकिन आखिरी दराज बुरी तरह फंस गई और उसने उसे जबरदस्ती खींच लिया। वह खुला और उसे टिन का एक छोटा डिब्बा मिला। वह बॉक्स खोलने में संकोच कर रहा था, जैसे ही उसकी जिज्ञासा पैदा हुई, उसने बॉक्स खोला और उसे एक लिफाफा मिला जिस पर लिखा था: "मिसेज जिम मैकफर्सन, 12 कॉपर बीचेस, ब्रिजपोर्ट, डोरसेट।" और एक पत्र था और उसने इसे खोल दिया। यह पेंसिल में लिखा गया था और शीर्ष पर दिनांकित था - "26 दिसंबर, 1914"।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">It was a letter from an army officer of Britain to his wife. He was describing the scene of Christmas day. When soldiers of the German army wish them a merry Christmas.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">They both came forward to no man's land to enjoy Christmas in between the wars of two countries. They both smiled, talked and shook hands. They also shared their rationed rum and excellent sausage. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">यह ब्रिटेन के एक सैन्य अधिकारी का अपनी पत्नी को पत्र था। वह क्रिसमस के दिन के दृश्य का वर्णन कर रहा था। जब जर्मन सेना के जवानों ने उन्हें क्रिसमस की शुभकामनाएं दीं।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> वे दोनों दो देशों के युद्ध के बीच क्रिसमस का आनंद लेने के लिए नो मैन्स लैंड में आगे आए। वे दोनों मुस्कुराए, बात की और हाथ मिलाया। उन्होंने अपनी राशन की रम और बेहतरीन सॉसेज भी साझा किए।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Now they have started sharing little personal information from where they both belong, their favourite books and writers like Bathsheba and Gabriel Oak and Sergeant Troy and Dorset. A German army man told him that He had a wife and one son, born just six months ago.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A British army man shared his remaining cake with a German man and he said-marzipan was the best he had ever tasted. Now all men from both armies started playing football matches in no man's land area. Their coats were their respective goal posts. Both sides were laughing, smoking and cheering each other on.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">अब उन्होंने अपनी पसंदीदा पुस्तकों और लेखकों जैसे बतशेबा और गेब्रियल ओक और सार्जेंट ट्रॉय और डोरसेट से छोटी व्यक्तिगत जानकारी साझा करना शुरू कर दिया है। जर्मन सेना के आदमी ने उसे बताया कि उसकी एक पत्नी और एक बेटा है, जिसका जन्म अभी छह महीने पहले हुआ था।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">एक ब्रिटिश सेना के आदमी ने अपना बचा हुआ केक एक जर्मन व्यक्ति के साथ साझा किया और उसने कहा- मार्जिपन सबसे अच्छा था जिसे उसने कभी चखा था। अब दोनों सेनाओं के सभी पुरुष नो मेंस लैंड क्षेत्र में फुटबॉल मैच खेलने लगे। उनके कोट उनके संबंधित लक्ष्य पद थे। दोनों पक्ष हंस रहे थे, धूम्रपान कर रहे थे और एक दूसरे की जय-जयकार कर रहे थे।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Then they were saying besides having war, the countries can have game’s match like football, cricket. The German army won this game by 2 goals . All end too soon, the game has finished, the schnapps, the rum and the sausage had run out long since, and we knew it was all over.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Both armies returned to their respective trenches, they greeted each other before returning and passed warmed smiles. That night they all sang Carol and went silent after some time. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">तब वे कह रहे थे कि युद्ध करने के अलावा, वे चाहते हैं कि फुटबॉल, क्रिकेट जैसे देशों के बीच मैच हों। जर्मन जीते, एक को दो गोल। बहुत जल्द, जब खेल समाप्त हो गया, तो श्नैप्स और रम और सॉसेज लंबे समय से समाप्त हो गए थे, और हम जानते थे कि यह सब खत्म हो गया था।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">दोनों सेनाएं अपने-अपने खाइयों में लौट आईं, लौटने से पहले उन्होंने एक-दूसरे का अभिवादन किया और गर्मजोशी से मुस्कुराईं। उस रात सभी ने कैरल गाया और कुछ देर बाद चुप हो गए।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The British army man wished next Christmas, this war may be over, it is bad and creates distance and they would all meet again.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">This was the whole letter, the author found in the last drawer and he kept this letter back in an envelope and he was not able to sleep the whole night. He knew what he had to do. He drove into Bridport, just a few miles away. The house of the same address was burnt up, because Mrs Macpherson used to use candles for light in the house, while this was not the reason for the burning of the house. This whole information was told by her neighbour. Now Mrs Macpherson was in a nursing home.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">ब्रिटिश सेना के आदमी ने अगले क्रिसमस की कामना की, यह युद्ध समाप्त हो सकता है, यह बुरा है और दूरी बनाता है और वे सभी फिर से मिलेंगे।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">आखिरी दराज में उसे यही पूरा पत्र मिला और उसने इस पत्र को वापस लिफाफे में रख दिया और वह पूरी रात सो नहीं पाया। वह जानता था कि उसे क्या करना है। वह कुछ ही मील दूर ब्रिजपोर्ट में चला गया। उसी पते का घर जला दिया गया था, क्योंकि श्रीमती मैकफेरसन घर में रोशनी के लिए मोमबत्तियों का इस्तेमाल करती थीं, जबकि यह घर जलाने का पक्का कारण नहीं था। यह पूरी जानकारी उसके पड़ोसी ने बताई। अब श्रीमती मैकफेरसन नर्सिंग होम में थीं।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Now the author went to the nursing home to visit Mrs Macpherson, and the place was decorated for Christmas. Matron was happy to know someone came to meet Mrs Macpherson because she doesn't have any family members to visit and on Christmas day she was confused,so matron sent her to conservatory.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Then the author greeted her and talked to her. He talked about tables,tin boxes and letters. She recognised the box and her eyes were filled with joy and face started glowing. Now she found the author as Jim and she started crying with joy, she asked him to read the letter again to hear Jim's voice again. She also offered to make a cake with marzipan all around. She knew how much Jim loved the marzipan cake.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">अब लेखक श्रीमती मैकफर्सन से मिलने नर्सिंग होम गए, क्रिसमस के लिए जगह को सजाया गया था। मैट्रन यह जानकर खुश हुई कि कोई श्रीमती मैकफेरसन से मिलने आया है क्योंकि उसके पास परिवार का कोई सदस्य नहीं है और क्रिसमस के दिन वह भ्रमित थी, इसलिए मैट्रन ने उसे कंजर्वेटरी में भेज दिया।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">तब लेखक ने उसका अभिवादन किया और उससे बात की। उन्होंने टेबल, टिन बॉक्स और लेटर के बारे में बताया। उसने बॉक्स को पहचान लिया और उसकी आँखें खुशी से भर गईं और चेहरा चमकने लगा। अब उसे जिम के रूप में लेखक मिल गया और वह खुशी से रोने लगी, उसने जिम की आवाज फिर से सुनने के लिए उसे फिर से पत्र पढ़ने के लिए कहा। उसने चारों ओर मार्जिपन के साथ केक बनाने की भी पेशकश की। वह जानती थी कि जिम को मार्जिपन केक कितना पसंद है।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Comprehension Check para-1</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1. What did the author find in a junk shop?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ans 1- the author found a roll-top table, it was of the 19th century and made of oak.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2. What did he find in a secret drawer? Who do you think had put it in there?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ans 2- he found a small black tin box, in which a letter he found. The owner of the table would have kept the letter.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Comprehension Check para-2</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1. Who had written the letter, to whom, and when?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ans 1- the jim English army man wrote this letter to his wife, It was written in pencil and dated at the top — “December 26, 1914”.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2. Why was the letter written — what was the wonderful thing that had happened?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ans 2- the letter written in happiness on the occasion of Christmas, when British army men and German army men celebrated Christmas together despite the war situation.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3. What jobs did Hans Wolf and Jim Macpherson have when they were not soldiers?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ans 3- Hans wolf was from Dusseldorf and he used to play the cello in the orchestra. Jim's Marcpherson was a school teacher from Dorset.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">4. Has Hans Wolf ever been to Dorset? Why did he say he knew it?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ans 4- No, Hans Wolf had never been to Dorset. He said it because he knew English very well.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">5. Do you think Jim Macpherson came back from the war? How do you know this?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ans 5- I think Jim Macpherson never came back from the war, because it was last letter sent by him to Mrs Macpherson as told by her to author.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Comprehension Check last part.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1. Who did Connie Macpherson think her visitor was?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ans 1- Connie Macpherson thought her visitor was his husband Jim Macpherson.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2. Which sentence in the text shows that the visitor did not try to hide his identity?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ans 2- . “I found this. I think it’s yours.” this was the line which showed the visitor did not try to hide his identity</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Question and answer</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1. For how long do you think Connie had kept Jim’s letter? Give reasons for your answer.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ans 1-Connie had kept Jim’s last letter till January 25, 1915. The letter was dated Dec. 26, 1914.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2. Why do you think the desk had been sold, and when?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ans 2- They have been sold due to the house in which Connie Macpherson lived had caught fire. She was taken to a nursing home. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3. Why do Jim and Hans think that games or sports are good ways of resolving</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">conflicts? Do you agree?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ans 3- Jim and Hans thought that games or sports are good ways of resolving conflicts because nobody dies in matches. No children are orphaned and no wives become widows. Wars only lead to death and devastation.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">4. Do you think the soldiers of the two armies are like each other, or different from each other? Find evidence from the story to support your answer.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ans 4- The soldiers of the two armies are similar to each other as per the following reasons derived from the story:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Both the armies celebrated Christmas together by eating, laughing, drinking and talking with each other.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Both played a football match and accepted the winner without conflicts.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">They agreed about the consequences or negative impact that war has on families.</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">5. Mention the various ways in which the British and the German soldiers become friends and find things in common at Christmas.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ans 5- The British and the German soldiers belonged to different camps. They were enemies in war time. But after all they were human beings and therefore they had similar feelings. They shared. They got over hatred and played games, feasted and drank like good friends. Both hated war. Both were anxious to go back to their families at the end of war.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">6. What is Connie’s Christmas present? Why is it “the best Christmas present in the world”?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">When the narrator came to see Connie and gave her the box, she mistook him for her husband Jim. She thought that Jim had come home for Christmas. This was Connie’s Christmas present. It was the best Christmas present in the world for her because Jim had written in the letter that he would come home on Christmas. She had read that letter several times everyday to feel that he was near her. Now that he was finally there with her, she was extremely happy.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">7. Do you think the title of this story is suitable for it? Can you think of any other title(s)?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ans 7- Yes, the title of this story is suitable for it because Mrs Macpherson received the best gift on Christmas. Someone visited her and she thought he was his loving husband Jim and came to meet her after a long time. It can be "friends in war"</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Working with language </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Look at these sentences from the story.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Answer:</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A man got on the train and sat down. The compartment was empty except for one lady. She took her gloves off. A few hours later the police arrested the man. They held him for 24 hours and then freed him.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(ii) Fill in the blanks using the correct form of the verbs in brackets.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Answer:</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">My little sister is very naughty. When she came back from school yesterday, she had torn her dress. We asked her how it had happened. She said she had quarrelled with a boy. She had beaten him in a race and he had tried to push her. She had told the teacher and so he had chased her, and she had fallen down and had torn her dress.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(iii) Underline the verbs and arrange them in two columns, Past and Earlier past.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Answer:</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Past</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Earlier past</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">set out, stayed. had seen</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">arrived, came had left, had gone</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">sat, ate had packed</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">returned had fallen</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Question 4:</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The table below contains a list of nouns and some adjectives. Use as many adjectives as you can to describe each noun. You might come up with some funny descriptions!</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Answer:</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Nouns</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Adjectives</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">elephant- enormous, large, cheerful, wild, medium-sized</span></p></li></ul><br /><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">face- round, cheerful, chubby,</span></p></li></ul><br /><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">building- multi-coloured, blue, red, medium-sized</span></p></li></ul><br /><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">water-blue, cold</span></p></li></ul><br /><br /><br /><br /></span>Ynothttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17573515841561335765noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2705589226733100549.post-81969001166370696712022-09-03T05:45:00.002-07:002022-09-03T05:45:59.559-07:00NCERT Class 9 English Beehive Chapter 3 The Little Girl,एनसीईआरटी कक्षा 9 अंग्रेजी मधुमक्खी का छत्ता अध्याय 3 छोटी लड़की<p> <span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;">The little Girl</span></p><span id="docs-internal-guid-bac96e1b-7fff-477a-f54b-5e1a8871c702"><br /><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">It is a story of a little girl named Kezia who is afraid of her father. Every morning her father gives her goodbye kiss before leaving for work. </span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="2" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In the evening when her father comes back home, he always asks for Cup of tea and a newspaper to read from her mother, while her mother asks Kazia to remove her father's shoe and bring the slippers. </span></p></li></ol><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">छोटी लड़की</span></p><ol style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">यह केजिया नाम की एक छोटी लड़की की कहानी है जो अपने पिता से डरती है। हर सुबह उसके पिता काम पर जाने से पहले उसे अलविदा चुंबन देते हैं।</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="2" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">शाम को जब उसके पिता घर वापस आते हैं, तो वह हमेशा उसकी माँ से पढ़ने के लिए चाय का प्याला और एक अखबार माँगता है, जबकि वह उसे अपने पिता का जूता निकालने और चप्पल लाने के लिए कहती है।</span></p></li></ol><br /><br /><ol start="3" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">When she went to her father, she always mumbled while talking to her father due to fear and he said" If you stutter like that Mother will have to take you to the doctor.” She never stuttered with other people — but only with Father, her mother said, because She was trying so hard to say the words properly.</span></p></li></ol><br /><ol start="4" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">She is so scared of her father , she always looks like she is committing suicides whenever she goes near him. She find him giant </span></p></li></ol><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3. जब वह अपने पिता के पास गई, तो वह डर के मारे अपने पिता से बात करते हुए हमेशा बुदबुदाती रही और उसने कहा "अगर तुम ऐसे ही हकलाते हो तो माँ को तुम्हें डॉक्टर के पास ले जाना होगा।" वह अन्य लोगों के साथ कभी नहीं बल्कि केवल पिता के साथ, उसकी मां ने कहा, क्योंकि तब वह शब्दों को ठीक से कहने के लिए इतनी मेहनत कर रही थी।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">4. वह अपने पिता से इतना डरती है कि जब भी वह उसके पास जाती है तो उसे हमेशा ऐसा लगता है कि वह आत्महत्या कर रही है। वह उसे विशाल पाती है</span></p><br /><ol start="5" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">One day, Grandmother sent her to father to have some friendly conversation but Kezia found her father sleeping on the couch, then grandmother told Kezia, her father’s birthday is coming next week, she suggested she make a cushion for him and laborious Kezia did same but she didn't find anything to stuff in side the cushion. </span></p></li></ol><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">5. दादी ने उसे कुछ दोस्ताना बातचीत करने के लिए पिता के पास भेजा लेकिन केज़िया ने अपने पिता को सोफे पर सोता पाया, फिर दादी ने केज़िया को बताया कि उसके पिता का जन्मदिन अगले हफ्ते आ रहा है, उसने सुझाव दिया कि वह उसके लिए एक कुशन बनाएं और श्रमसाध्य केज़िया ने ऐसा ही किया लेकिन उसने नहीं किया कुशन के अंदर सामान रखने के लिए कुछ भी खोजें।</span></p><br /><br /><ol start="6" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Kezia stuffed that cushion with paper near her mother’s table which was the speech of her father and her both parents searching for that piece of paper in the whole house. When her mother and father came to know about it, they scolded her. Her father beat her with a ruler on her palm.</span></p></li></ol><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">6. केजिया ने उस तकिये को अपनी माँ की मेज के पास कागज से भर दिया जो उसके पिता का भाषण था जो पूरे घर में उस कागज के टुकड़े को खोज रहा था। इसकी जानकारी जब उसके माता पिता को हुई तो उन्होंने उसे डांटा। उसके पिता ने उसकी हथेली पर एक शासक के साथ उसे पीटा।i</span></p><br /><br /><ol start="7" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Then her grandmother consoled and asked her to sleep so that she can forget the whole incident, but children never forget. Whenever she saw her father she got scared. One day, In her neighbourhood she saw Macdonald who had five children playing them, then she understood there are different sorts of fathers.</span></p></li></ol><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">7.तब उसकी दादी ने सांत्वना दी और उसे सोने के लिए कहा ताकि वह पूरी घटना को भूल सके, लेकिन बच्चे कभी नहीं भूलते। जब भी उसने अपने पिता को देखा वह डर गई। एक दिन वह अपने पड़ोस में देख रही थी मैकडॉनल्ड्स के पांच बच्चे थे जिनके साथ वह खेल रहा था, तब वह समझ गई कि पिता अलग-अलग प्रकार के होते हैं।</span></p><br /><br /><ol start="8" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Then one fine day Kezia's mother got ill and nobodys at home, her grandmother was with her mother. .she was with her cook Alice. At evening Alice asked her to sleep but Kezia was so scared to sleep alone in darkness, whenever she got scared at night, her Grandmother took her with her to sleep together. Now she is alone and having a nightmare of a butcher with a big knife and rope.</span></p></li></ol><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">8.</span><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> फिर एक दिन केज़िया माँ बीमार हो गई और घर पर कोई नहीं था। वह अपने रसोइए एलिस के साथ थी, शाम को एलिस ने उसे सोने के लिए कहा लेकिन केज़िया अंधेरे में अकेले सोने से इतना डरती थी, जब भी वह रात में डरती थी, तो उसकी दादी उसे साथ ले जाती थी उसे एक साथ सोने के लिए, अब वह अकेली है और बड़े चाकू और रस्सी के साथ कसाई का बुरा सपना देख रही है।</span></p><br /><br /><ol start="9" style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">She was shivering badly due to this dream. Her father took her to his bedroom and slept with her to make her relax and comfortable. Then she thought her father was not that bad because she thought he works hard and it was her mistake, she tore down an important piece of paper for him. He has a big heart. </span></p></li></ol><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">9</span><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. इस सपने के कारण वह बुरी तरह कांप रही थी। उसके पिता उसे अपने बेडरूम में ले गए और उसे आराम और आराम देने के लिए उसके साथ सो गए। तब उसने सोचा कि उसके पिता इतने बुरे नहीं हैं क्योंकि उसे लगा कि वह कड़ी मेहनत करता है और यह उसकी गलती थी, उसने उसके लिए एक महत्वपूर्ण कागज का टुकड़ा फाड़ दिया। उसका बड़ा दिल है।</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Given below are some emotions that Kezia felt. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Match the emotions in Column A with the items in Column B. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A</span><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">B</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1. fear or terror - </span><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1.father comes home to understand.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 72pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2.speaking to the father.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 72pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3.going to bed when alone at home.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 72pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">4.father stretched out on the sofa, snoring.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2. Glade sense of relief -</span><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> 1.father comes into her room to give her a goodbye kiss. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 72pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> 2. the noise of the carriage grows fainter.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3. a “funny” feeling, perhaps- </span><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1. Father comforts her and falls asleep.</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">II. Answer the following questions in one or two sentences. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1. Why was Kezia afraid of her father? </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ans</span><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. Kezia is afraid of her father because his behaviour towards her is very cold. He never played with her infect, he is strict and beaten her for the mistake. </span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2. Who were the people in Kezia’s family? </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ans. </span><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Kezia’s family includes her father, mother and grandmother.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3. What was Kezia’s father’s routine:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ans.</span><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> (i) before going to his office? - He kisses the forehead of kezia.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(ii) after coming back from his office? - he gives command to his wife to give him tea and paper plus he also asks kezia to take his boots off.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(iii) on Sundays? He stretches on the sofa and snore while sleeping by covering his mouth with handkerchiefs.</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">4. In what ways did Kezia’s grandmother encourage her to get to know her father better?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ans. </span><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Kezia’s grandmother wanted kezia to understand and love her father more. She sent her to talk to him on Sunday afternoon and She also told her father's birthday and asked her to make a cushion from a yellow silk cloth gift to him on this day.</span><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">III. Discuss these questions in class with your teacher and then write down your answers in two or three paragraphs each. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1. Kezia’s efforts to please her father resulted in displeasing him very much. How did this happen? </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ans. </span><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Kezia was making a cushion to give it to her father. She needed something to fill in the cushion. At the time Kezia was making the cushion, her grandmother was not there to help and guide her.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Then she was searching for her mother to ask what would she fill in the cushion or give her some waste paper to fill the cushion, but her mother was also not there. After searching a lot, Kezia found a bundle of sheets kept near the bed of her parents, so took and tore them into pieces to fill the cushion.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Unfortunately, those papers are important for him, besides getting pleased he got very angry at her and punished her. This was the whole incident when kezia efforts went the opposite.</span></p><br /><br /><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> 2. Kezia decides that there are “different kinds of fathers”. What kind of father was Mr Macdonald, and how was he different from Kezia’s father? </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ans. </span><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">One fine evening kezia was watching in her neighbourhood, The Macdonalds lived next door. They had five children. Looking through a gap in the fence the little girl saw them playing ‘tag’ in the evening. The father with the baby, Mao, on his shoulders, two little girls hanging on to his coat pockets ran round and round the flower-beds, shaking with laughter</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">After watching she decides there are different kinds of fathers,Mr. Macdonald is loving, affectionate, friendly and forgiving while Kezia finds her father strict,harsh and unforgiving.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3. How does Kezia begin to see her father as a human being who needs her sympathy? </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ans.</span><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Then one fine day Kezia's mother got ill and nobodys at home. Her grandmother was with her mother.she was with her cook Alice. At evening Alice asked her to sleep but Kezia was so scared to sleep alone in darkness. Now she is alone and having a nightmare of a butcher with a big knife and rope. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">She was shivering badly due to this dream. Her father took her to his bedroom and slept with her to make her relax and comfortable. Then she thought her father was not that bad because she thought he works hard and it was her mistake, she tore down an important piece of paper for him. He has a big heart. </span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">I. Look at the following sentence. There was a glad sense of relief when she heard the noise of the carriage growing fainter.Here, glad means happy about something. Glad, happy, pleased, delighted, thrilled and overjoyed are synonyms.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> However, they express happiness in certain ways. Read the sentences below. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">• She was glad when the meeting was over.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">• The chief guest was pleased to announce the name of the winner.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1. Use an appropriate word from the synonyms given above in the following sentences. Clues are given in brackets.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> (i) She was </span><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">thrilled</span><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> by the news of her brother’s wedding. (very pleased)</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> (ii) I was </span><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">delighted</span><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> to be invited to the party. (extremely pleased and excited about) </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(iii) She was </span><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">overjoyed</span><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> at the birth of her granddaughter. (extremely happy)</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> (iv) The coach was </span><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">pleased</span><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> with his performance. (satisfied about) </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(v) She was very </span><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">happy</span><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> with her results. (happy about something that has happened)</span></p><br /><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2. Study the use of the word big in the following sentence.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> He was so big — his hands and his neck, especially his mouth.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Here, big means large in size. Now, consult a dictionary and find out the meaning of big in the following sentences. The first one has been done for you.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">i) You are a big girl now. </span><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">older </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(ii) Today you are going to take the biggest decision of your career. It is the </span><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">most crucial</span><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> part.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> (iii) Their project is full of big ideas. </span><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Wonderful ideas.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(iv) Cricket is a big game in our country.</span><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Most desired.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(v) I am a big fan of Lata Mangeskar. </span><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Extraordinary</span><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> .</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(vi) You have to cook a bit more as my friend is a big eater. </span><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Gobbler.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(vii) What a big heart you’ve got, Father dear. </span><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Kindred </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">We use verbs of reporting to advise, order, report statements, thoughts, intentions, questions, requests, apologies, manner of speaking and so on.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> 1. Underline the verbs of reporting in the following sentences. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(i) He says he will </span><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">enjoy</span><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> the ride. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(ii) Father </span><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">mentioned</span><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> that he was going on a holiday.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> (iii) No one</span><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> told</span><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> us that the shop was closed. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(iv) He </span><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">answered</span><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> that the price would go up. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(v) I </span><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">wondered</span><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> why he was screaming.</span><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(vi) Ben </span><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">told</span><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> her to wake him up. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(vii) Ratan </span><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">apologised</span><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> for coming late to the party.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Some verbs of reporting are given in the box. Choose the appropriate verbs and fill in the blanks in the following sentences. were complaining, shouted replied remarked ordered suggested </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(i) “I am not afraid,”</span><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> replied</span><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> the woman. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(ii) “Leave me alone,”</span><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">shouted</span><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> my mother . </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(iii) The children </span><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">were complaining</span><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> that the roads were crowded and noisy.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> (iv) “Perhaps he isn’t a bad sort of a chap after all,'' </span><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">remarked</span><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> the master. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(v) “Let’s go and look at the school ground,”</span><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">suggested</span><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> the sports teacher. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(vi) The traffic police </span><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">ordered</span><span style="color: #303134; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> all the passers-by to keep off the road.</span></p><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></span>Ynothttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17573515841561335765noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2705589226733100549.post-71285628770991839392022-09-03T05:24:00.002-07:002022-09-03T05:24:23.358-07:00NCERT Class 7 Civics Social Science Chapter 2 Role of the Government in Health,एनसीईआरटी कक्षा 7 नागरिक शास्त्र सामाजिक विज्ञान अध्याय 2 स्वास्थ्य में सरकार की भूमिका<p> <span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;">Role of the Government in Health</span></p><span id="docs-internal-guid-7afd5886-7fff-7676-982d-1e257c246f73"><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Main points to study:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Who is a healthy and unhealthy person?</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Health care system in India</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Differences between private and public health care in India</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Challenges in health care system</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">How to improve?</span></p></li></ul><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">What is health? </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">स्वास्थ्य क्या है?</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Health contains the whole system of the human body that includes the physical, mental and emotional state of the body. A person is called healthy when is free from diseases and has the ability to remain free of illness and injuries.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">स्वास्थ्य में मानव शरीर की पूरी प्रणाली शामिल है जिसमें शरीर की शारीरिक, मानसिक और भावनात्मक स्थिति शामिल है। एक व्यक्ति को स्वस्थ तब कहा जाता है जब वह रोगों से मुक्त हो और बीमारी और चोटों से मुक्त रहने की क्षमता रखता हो।</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Being healthy or remaining healthy not only includes disease free life but also clean drinking water or a pollution free environment. Now you can state the definition of an unhealthy person term by yourself, that is, those suffering from disease do not get adequate food to eat or have to live in cramped conditions, they will be prone to illness plus dull, inactive, anxious or scared for long stretches of time.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">स्वस्थ रहने या स्वस्थ रहने में न केवल रोग मुक्त जीवन बल्कि स्वच्छ पेयजल या प्रदूषण मुक्त वातावरण भी शामिल है। अब आप स्वयं अस्वस्थ व्यक्ति शब्द की परिभाषा बता सकते हैं, अर्थात रोग से पीड़ित लोगों को खाने के लिए पर्याप्त भोजन नहीं मिलता है या उन्हें तंग परिस्थितियों में रहना पड़ता है, वे बीमारी के साथ-साथ सुस्त, निष्क्रिय, चिंतित या डरे हुए होंगे। लंबे समय के लिए।</span></p><br /><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 230px; overflow: hidden; width: 230px;"><img height="230" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/ZV0Gw-HvevyoZ5aDVzy0Qq5s_DtvG4QsF-rA4UktF5UrqwAwFUHWxtH6PHfdwz0u0588yB0wfE_NUUAR01v9XKpHKutcrdI5q5v_cc6y-Z4cBFZirQidnvli6sGFHHlN21qx_6iLKYu5THJ5N2j4h6IuLRsB1Bzm8Obf8qJ0xvi6gSiPL12NTz0b" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="230" /></span><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Healthcare in India</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">भारत में स्वास्थ्य सेवा</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A health care system includes health centres, hospitals, laboratories for testing, ambulance services, blood banks, etc., that can provide the required care and services that patients need. In order to run such facilities we need health workers, nurses, qualified doctors and other health professionals who can advise, diagnose and treat illnesses. We also need the medicines and equipment that are necessary for treating patients.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">एक स्वास्थ्य देखभाल प्रणाली में स्वास्थ्य केंद्र, अस्पताल, परीक्षण के लिए प्रयोगशालाएं, एम्बुलेंस सेवाएं, ब्लड बैंक आदि शामिल हैं, जो रोगियों को आवश्यक देखभाल और सेवाएं प्रदान कर सकते हैं। ऐसी सुविधाओं को चलाने के लिए हमें स्वास्थ्य कार्यकर्ताओं, नर्सों, योग्य डॉक्टरों और अन्य स्वास्थ्य पेशेवरों की आवश्यकता है जो बीमारियों की सलाह, निदान और उपचार कर सकें। हमें उन दवाओं और उपकरणों की भी जरूरत है जो मरीजों के इलाज के लिए जरूरी हैं।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Indian health care system includes hospitals and health centres run by the government. It has the ability to look after the health of a large section of its population scattered over hundreds of thousands of villages.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">भारतीय स्वास्थ्य देखभाल प्रणाली में सरकार द्वारा संचालित अस्पताल और स्वास्थ्य केंद्र शामिल हैं। इसमें सैकड़ों-हजारों गांवों में फैली अपनी आबादी के एक बड़े हिस्से के स्वास्थ्य की देखभाल करने की क्षमता है।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Despite lots of advancement and achievement in our country, people living in rural area or in very internal aera.Our country has the money, knowledge and people with experience but cannot make the necessary healthcare available to all. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">हमारे देश में बहुत सारी उन्नति और उपलब्धि के बावजूद, ग्रामीण क्षेत्र में या बहुत ही आंतरिक क्षेत्र में रहने वाले लोग। हमारे देश में पैसा, ज्ञान और अनुभव वाले लोग हैं, लेकिन सभी के लिए आवश्यक स्वास्थ्य सेवा उपलब्ध नहीं करा सकते हैं।</span></p><br /><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 153px; overflow: hidden; width: 230px;"><img height="153" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/MnTOGzM5DklElIFAeM9raTNfilIWAWpZRtFdJTAprVELVsFWtXNjyku7Lcn9sSBHK-AjEX06tZFdQ6yFQmjbknJFVzHgQyjHIImCugKgniFPi3wwvKOIS_YzirlgtI6riv0idKsRfnI7v1AYfgxrYBObwtfrEowOJ8bpnqG2-TYImSzLDzxRzvMn" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="230" /></span><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Now let's understand the scenario by this incident:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">आइए अब इस घटना के परिदृश्य को समझते हैं:</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The story of Hakim Seikh</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hakim Seikh was a member of the Paschim Banga Khet Mazdoor Samity (PBKMS), an organisation of agricultural labourers in West Bengal. One evening in 1992, he accidentally fell off a running train and suffered head injuries. He was in a very serious condition and needed immediate treatment. He was taken to a government hospital in Kolkata but they refused to admit him because they did not have a spare bed.Another hospital did not have the facility or the specialised doctors necessary for his treatment. In this way he spent 14 hours in a critical state and was taken to eight different government hospitals, but none of them admitted him. Finally, he was admitted to a private hospital, where he received treatment. He spent a lot of money on his treatment.Angry and upset over the indifferent attitude of all the hospitals that refused to admit him, Hakim Seikh and PBKMS filed a case in the court.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">हकीम शेख पश्चिम बंगा खेत मजदूर समिति (PBKMS) के सदस्य थे, जो पश्चिम बंगाल में खेतिहर मजदूरों का एक संगठन है। 1992 की एक शाम, वह गलती से एक चलती ट्रेन से गिर गया और सिर में चोट लग गई। उनकी हालत बहुत गंभीर थी और उन्हें तत्काल इलाज की जरूरत थी। उन्हें कोलकाता के एक सरकारी अस्पताल में ले जाया गया, लेकिन उन्होंने उन्हें भर्ती करने से इनकार कर दिया क्योंकि उनके पास अतिरिक्त बिस्तर नहीं था। दूसरे अस्पताल में सुविधा नहीं थी या उनके इलाज के लिए आवश्यक विशेषज्ञ डॉक्टर नहीं थे। इस तरह उन्होंने 14 घंटे गंभीर अवस्था में बिताए और उन्हें आठ अलग-अलग सरकारी अस्पतालों में ले जाया गया, लेकिन उनमें से किसी ने भी उन्हें भर्ती नहीं किया। अंत में उसे एक निजी अस्पताल में भर्ती कराया गया, जहां उसका इलाज किया गया। उन्होंने अपने इलाज पर बहुत पैसा खर्च किया। उन सभी अस्पतालों के उदासीन रवैये से नाराज और परेशान होकर, जिन्होंने उन्हें भर्ती करने से इनकार कर दिया, हकीम शेख और पीबीकेएमएस ने अदालत में मामला दायर किया।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><br /><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Public and private health care services</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">सार्वजनिक और निजी स्वास्थ्य देखभाल सेवाएं</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Public health services</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">सार्वजनिक स्वास्थ्य सेवाएं</span></p><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Public health care services means all hospitals or health care services in the hands of the government, which covers both rural and urban areas.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">.in rural areas there are health centres where there is usually a nurse and a village health worker. They are trained in dealing with common illnesses and work under the supervision of doctors at the Primary Health Centre (PHC). Such a centre covers many villages in a rural area. At the district level is the District Hospital that also supervises all the health centres. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rural areas have many government hospitals which come directly under state or central government.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">सार्वजनिक स्वास्थ्य देखभाल सेवाओं का अर्थ है सरकार के हाथ में सभी अस्पताल या स्वास्थ्य देखभाल सेवाएं, जो ग्रामीण और शहरी दोनों क्षेत्रों को कवर करती हैं।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">.ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों में ऐसे स्वास्थ्य केंद्र हैं जहां आमतौर पर एक नर्स और एक ग्राम स्वास्थ्य कार्यकर्ता होता है। उन्हें सामान्य बीमारियों से निपटने के लिए प्रशिक्षित किया जाता है और प्राथमिक स्वास्थ्य केंद्र (पीएचसी) में डॉक्टरों की देखरेख में काम किया जाता है। ऐसा केंद्र एक ग्रामीण क्षेत्र के कई गांवों को कवर करता है। जिला स्तर पर जिला अस्पताल है जो सभी स्वास्थ्य केंद्रों की निगरानी भी करता है।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों में कई सरकारी अस्पताल हैं जो सीधे राज्य या केंद्र सरकार के अधीन आते हैं।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 183px; overflow: hidden; width: 246px;"><img height="183" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/gHtL1RSFJiW7fcxDkZxE7s_rF4DLLtScx-ZU1KEnJgGXzXT8O0sT8bI7y8kXvn12NfV8iqlGjsy8XkFc6r_K8yPDz77AzIKlGiBG2ivUCyiOArhx6sSZdLqC_MC9m6HPOVV6ZwVievGN5CWE7gerwDIzcv3cTMLKxO2-Eo1e2iyo2xuf7znS8i6u" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="246" /></span></span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Reason for having Public health care system:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Government has a commitment to provide healthcare to all citizens.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Government needs to provide health care services in return for taxes Indian citizens pay.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Most important aspect of the public healthcare system is to provide, either free or at a low cost, so that even the poor can seek treatment.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Another major role of government is to curb and control epidemics to spread i.e TB, malaria, jaundice, cholera, diarrhoea, chikungunya, etc, it can be done without cooperation of people like stop breeding of mosquitoes in house like do not breed in water coolers, rooftops.</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">सार्वजनिक स्वास्थ्य देखभाल प्रणाली होने का कारण:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">सभी नागरिकों को स्वास्थ्य सेवा प्रदान करने के लिए सरकार की प्रतिबद्धता है।</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">सरकार को भारतीय नागरिकों द्वारा भुगतान किए जाने वाले करों के बदले में स्वास्थ्य देखभाल सेवाएं प्रदान करने की आवश्यकता है।</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">सार्वजनिक स्वास्थ्य सेवा प्रणाली का सबसे महत्वपूर्ण पहलू या तो मुफ्त या कम कीमत पर उपलब्ध कराना है, ताकि गरीब भी इलाज करा सकें।</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">सरकार की एक अन्य प्रमुख भूमिका टीबी, मलेरिया, पीलिया, हैजा, डायरिया, चिकनगुनिया आदि फैलने वाली महामारियों को रोकना और नियंत्रित करना है, यह लोगों के सहयोग के बिना किया जा सकता है जैसे घर में मच्छरों का प्रजनन रोकना जैसे वाटर कूलर में प्रजनन न करना , छतें।</span></p></li></ul><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 226px; overflow: hidden; width: 243px;"><img height="226" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/uUKS7OUmOfx8pb_rExBDjISYqAh4x-yqR5IYSWnkYup-i7sG5Ynsuwgtt7-HZOlXCjIxCDKth5_7Jm135ydXDuRlFcE255lu6h4szWoCKF3dpWwI8Qso5T59ZCkp8HqPvQh-W06XVBB7jrALuM0rq74eWj3JGUwDr4SSM5mbdDLzgAjgSfDLt1py" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="243" /></span></span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> As per our constitution it is the primary duty of the government to ensure the welfare of the people and provide health care facilities to all. The government must safeguard the Right to Life of every person. It is the duty of the government to provide the necessary health services, including treatment in emergency situations.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">हमारे संविधान के अनुसार लोगों का कल्याण सुनिश्चित करना और सभी को स्वास्थ्य देखभाल सुविधाएं प्रदान करना सरकार का प्राथमिक कर्तव्य है। सरकार को हर व्यक्ति के जीवन के अधिकार की रक्षा करनी चाहिए। आपातकालीन स्थितियों में उपचार सहित आवश्यक स्वास्थ्य सेवाएं प्रदान करना सरकार का कर्तव्य है।</span></p><br /><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 161px; overflow: hidden; width: 274px;"><img height="161" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/VN_1hfbJjcLU0Mp154H772YcTA78VYIMu5vuUcGSUjJLrVzNdBIyMU2xEI5y5uilSRx00frfj0PclTzRjZ9d8mhr0An6WnNKaNtPYhncL70Bfs3BkJ2I4s-CySPmRcuW5D-ruQx1Q7Skj2BT_Z8Y3W1Nz3vz-fTWN4aKXWirhiGX12AfimtbdWgp" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="274" /></span><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Private health facilities </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A private health facility is a place which is not owned by the government while run by a private person or company. In India private sector health care providers are playing a very big and important role in the health care system of our country. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In fact now there are large companies that run hospitals and some are engaged in manufacturing and selling medicines. Medical shops are found in every corner of the country. It's also becoming a big business sector.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A large number of doctors run their own private clinics. In the rural areas, one finds Registered Medical Practitioners (RMPs). Urban areas have a large number of doctors, many of them providing specialised services. There are hospitals and nursing homes that are privately owned. There are many laboratories that do tests and offer special facilities such as X-ray, ultrasound, etc</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">निजी स्वास्थ्य सुविधाएं</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">एक निजी स्वास्थ्य सुविधा वह स्थान है जो निजी व्यक्ति या कंपनी चलाते समय सरकार के स्वामित्व में नहीं है। भारत में निजी क्षेत्र के स्वास्थ्य देखभाल प्रदाता हमारे देश की स्वास्थ्य देखभाल प्रणाली में एक बहुत बड़ी और महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभा रहे हैं।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">वास्तव में अब बड़ी कंपनियां हैं जो अस्पताल चलाती हैं और कुछ दवाएं बनाने और बेचने में लगी हुई हैं। देश के कोने-कोने में मेडिकल स्टोर मिल जाते हैं। यह एक बड़ा व्यापारिक क्षेत्र भी बनता जा रहा है।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">बड़ी संख्या में डॉक्टर अपने निजी क्लीनिक चलाते हैं। ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों में, किसी को पंजीकृत चिकित्सा व्यवसायी (आरएमपी) मिलते हैं। शहरी क्षेत्रों में बड़ी संख्या में डॉक्टर हैं, जिनमें से कई विशिष्ट सेवाएं प्रदान करते हैं। निजी स्वामित्व वाले अस्पताल और नर्सिंग होम हैं। कई प्रयोगशालाएं हैं जो परीक्षण करती हैं और विशेष सुविधाएं प्रदान करती हैं जैसे कि एक्स-रे, अल्ट्रासाउंड, आदि</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Healthcare and equality: Is adequate healthcare available to all? Or challenges in the healthcare system of india. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">स्वास्थ्य देखभाल और समानता: क्या सभी के लिए पर्याप्त स्वास्थ्य सेवा उपलब्ध है? या भारत की स्वास्थ्य सेवा प्रणाली में चुनौतियां।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">For poors it is a very big question mark? For those who are poor, every illness in the family is a cause of great anxiety and distress. What is worse is that this situation tends to happen again and again. Those who are poor are in the first place undernourished. These families are not eating as much as they should. They are not provided basic necessities like drinking water, adequate housing, clean surroundings, etc., and therefore, are more likely to fall ill. The expenses on illness make their situation even worse.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">गरीबों के लिए यह एक बहुत बड़ा प्रश्नचिह्न है? जो लोग गरीब हैं, उनके लिए परिवार की हर बीमारी बड़ी चिंता और संकट का कारण बनती है। इससे भी बुरी बात यह है कि यह स्थिति बार-बार होती है। जो गरीब हैं वे सबसे पहले कुपोषित हैं। ये परिवार उतना नहीं खा रहे हैं जितना उन्हें खाना चाहिए। उन्हें पीने का पानी, पर्याप्त आवास, साफ-सुथरा वातावरण आदि जैसी बुनियादी आवश्यकताएं उपलब्ध नहीं कराई जाती हैं, और इसलिए उनके बीमार होने की संभावना अधिक होती है। बीमारी पर होने वाला खर्च उनकी स्थिति को और भी खराब कर देता है।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 164px; overflow: hidden; width: 199px;"><img height="164" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/5a5KITLYjD1zTKfaK27J_dXejvUdZji5K0mR7qPA2Z0bhZ_5-b2Iy6Krb2YFnSsCHenfLAOLh2ezpRGwCZ-05SNJU4R_Pvo5qOVK1lvEyBEdjqaQy__13ku_JV0N0Dk213EHg4hR6hv_e3f0n_ZefHNiQRSCVtZ-moeWmVx3m6vdUuGg_H6c81d_" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="199" /></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A survey conducted which states that 40 percent of people who are admitted to a hospital for some illness or injury have to borrow money or sell some of their possessions to pay for the expenses.Barely 20 percent of the population can afford all the medicines that they require during an illness. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">एक सर्वेक्षण किया गया जिसमें कहा गया है कि 40 प्रतिशत लोग जो किसी बीमारी या चोट के लिए अस्पताल में भर्ती होते हैं, उन्हें पैसे उधार लेने पड़ते हैं या अपनी कुछ संपत्ति को खर्च करने के लिए बेचना पड़ता है। बमुश्किल 20 प्रतिशत आबादी उन सभी दवाओं का खर्च उठा सकती है जो वे बीमारी के दौरान आवश्यकता होती है।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In fact In India private health care system is increasing rather than public sector, more concentrated towards urban. The cost of these services is rather high. Medicines are expensive. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">वास्तव में भारत में निजी स्वास्थ्य देखभाल प्रणाली सार्वजनिक क्षेत्र के बजाय शहरी क्षेत्रों की ओर अधिक केंद्रित हो रही है। इन सेवाओं की लागत बल्कि अधिक है। दवाएं महंगी हैं।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Women's health is something which is always secondary in our country to men. Women aren't taken.Many tribal areas have few health centres and they do not run properly. Even private health services are not available.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">महिलाओं का स्वास्थ्य एक ऐसी चीज है जो हमारे देश में पुरुषों के लिए हमेशा गौण है। महिलाओं को नहीं लिया जाता है। कई आदिवासी क्षेत्रों में कुछ स्वास्थ्य केंद्र हैं और वे ठीक से नहीं चलते हैं। यहां तक कि निजी स्वास्थ्य सेवाएं भी उपलब्ध नहीं हैं।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">What can be done?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Building a healthy India is not totally dependent upon health care services, this is a part of the health care system, it also includes basic amenities and social conditions of the people,Hence, it is important to work on both in order to improve the health situation of our people. And this can be done.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">क्या किया जा सकता है?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">स्वस्थ भारत का निर्माण पूरी तरह से स्वास्थ्य देखभाल सेवाओं पर निर्भर नहीं है, यह स्वास्थ्य देखभाल प्रणाली का एक हिस्सा है, इसमें लोगों की बुनियादी सुविधाएं और सामाजिक स्थितियां भी शामिल हैं, इसलिए स्वास्थ्य में सुधार के लिए दोनों पर काम करना महत्वपूर्ण है। हमारे लोगों की स्थिति। और यह किया जा सकता है।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Kerala experience </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In 1996, the Kerala government made some major changes in the state. Forty per cent of the entire state budget was given to panchayats. Why so much share given to panchayats, lets see:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">This meant that water supply schemes were checked</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The working of schools and anganwadis was ensured and specific problems of the village were taken up.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Health centres were also improved</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Despite of such efforts, there were many problems:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">shortage of medicines</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">insufficient hospital beds</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">not enough doctors</span></p></li></ul><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1996 में केरल सरकार ने राज्य में कुछ बड़े बदलाव किए। पूरे राज्य के बजट का चालीस प्रतिशत पंचायतों को दिया गया था। पंचायतों को इतना हिस्सा क्यों दिया, देखते हैं:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">इसका मतलब यह हुआ कि जलापूर्ति योजनाओं की जांच की गई</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">स्कूलों और आंगनबाड़ियों के कामकाज को सुनिश्चित किया गया और गांव की विशिष्ट समस्याओं को उठाया गया।</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">स्वास्थ्य केंद्रों में भी हुआ सुधार</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">इतने प्रयासों के बावजूद, कई समस्याएं थीं:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">दवाओं की कमी</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">अपर्याप्त अस्पताल के बिस्तर</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">पर्याप्त डॉक्टर नहीं</span></p></li></ul><br /><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 201px; overflow: hidden; width: 261px;"><img height="201" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/zBb-ViucZwaHPeRTmJz99j-anmfUntL_ozzR5KtsdMjWyHgsF0xsNI895KOklAXgRyxJD-Wa_7AMs5ggCLRXbl275eQklyC9dxWHHhrFDl691EaDqG9DzrH38uAKNdqpU2iIzoyHU73HyOBhJLXA9yFt0aVNhx8xXY-1GeCJAoL1BB3vu8PXIRwV" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="261" /></span><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Costa Rican approach </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Costa Rica is considered to be one of the healthiest countries in Central America. Main reason they amended their constitution, not to have an army so that they can spend the money that the army would have used, on health, education and other basic needs of the people. They paid attention to building a healthy nation by providing safe drinking water, sanitation, nutrition and housing. Health education is also considered very important and knowledge about health is an essential part of education at all levels.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">कोस्टा रिकान दृष्टिकोण</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">कोस्टा रिका को मध्य अमेरिका के सबसे स्वस्थ देशों में से एक माना जाता है। मुख्य कारण उन्होंने अपने संविधान में संशोधन किया, एक सेना न रखने के लिए ताकि वे उस पैसे को खर्च कर सकें जो सेना ने लोगों के स्वास्थ्य, शिक्षा और अन्य बुनियादी जरूरतों पर खर्च किया होगा। उन्होंने सुरक्षित पेयजल, स्वच्छता, पोषण और आवास प्रदान करके एक स्वस्थ राष्ट्र के निर्माण पर ध्यान दिया। स्वास्थ्य शिक्षा को भी बहुत महत्वपूर्ण माना जाता है और स्वास्थ्य के बारे में ज्ञान सभी स्तरों पर शिक्षा का एक अनिवार्य हिस्सा है।</span></p><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></span>Ynothttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17573515841561335765noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2705589226733100549.post-6728865805526746612022-09-03T05:18:00.002-07:002022-09-03T05:18:33.607-07:00NCERTClass 7 History Social Science Chapter 2 New Kings And Kingdoms,एनसीईआरटी कक्षा 7 इतिहास सामाजिक विज्ञान अध्याय 2 नए राजा और राज्य<p> <span style="color: #980000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 700; text-align: center; white-space: pre-wrap;">NEW KINGS AND KINGDOMS </span></p><span id="docs-internal-guid-dc3c0895-7fff-a0b0-44ed-e65d93660400"><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Points to study:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Emergences of new dynasties</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Administration style</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Formation of literature</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Usage of Warfare wealth.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Development in irrigation and agricultural activities.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The administration style.</span></p></li></ul><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">As we study for 1000 year from the 7th to 17 century in this book. Many new dynasties evolved from the 7th to12th centuries. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">जैसा कि हम इस पुस्तक में ७वीं से १७वीं शताब्दी तक १००० वर्षों तक अध्ययन करते हैं। 7वीं से 12वीं शताब्दी के दौरान कई नए राजवंशों का विकास हुआ।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 336px; overflow: hidden; width: 276px;"><img height="336" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/iyAjKm8uD5Zw-AkUzv90qsTLywpWL-WRYw6lkXgfM_0DXx5lkQcmQ5Z7PRaM37B20DlsOU4eiUbeVG8RQBRwQFaJpIyvyvapRdfrExCAFNhSEGSVc_DD5KLsrbIneUA3F5fNopnsBQYJvUsp8KkNjVhf7wleHWecMsb2MEoEnsPmD3KAvXfY5yjO" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="276" /></span></span></p><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Emergence of New Dynasties</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">नए राजवंशों का उदय</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Kings of very big dynasties allot their representatives or subordinates in various regions of their dynasty, for smooth working of their governance. These representatives are called Samantas. Now are these samanthas ?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">बहुत बड़े राजवंशों के राजा अपने शासन के सुचारू संचालन के लिए अपने राजवंश के विभिन्न क्षेत्रों में अपने प्रतिनिधियों या अधीनस्थों को आवंटित करते हैं। इन प्रतिनिधियों को सामंत कहा जाता है। अब ये सामंथा हैं?</span></p><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">These were big landlords or warrior chiefs in different regions of the subcontinent.They were expected to bring gifts for their kings or overlords, be present at their courts and provide them with military support and collect Taxes or fines imposed by kings.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">By the time these samantha's gained power and wealth by their supporters and became maha-samanta, maha-mandaleshvara. When these samanthas became very powerful they fought with kings to be independent.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">ये उपमहाद्वीप के विभिन्न क्षेत्रों में बड़े जमींदार या योद्धा प्रमुख थे। उनसे अपेक्षा की जाती थी कि वे अपने राजाओं या अधिपतियों के लिए उपहार लाएँ, उनके दरबार में उपस्थित हों और उन्हें सैन्य सहायता प्रदान करें और राजाओं द्वारा लगाए गए कर या जुर्माना वसूलें।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">जब तक इन सामन्थाओं ने अपने समर्थकों द्वारा शक्ति और धन प्राप्त किया और महा-सामंत, महा-मंडलेश्वर बन गए। जब ये सामंत बहुत शक्तिशाली हो गए तो उन्होंने स्वतंत्र होने के लिए राजाओं से लड़ाई लड़ी।</span></p><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Example </span><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">उदाहरण</span></p><br /><br /><div align="left" dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 0pt;"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; table-layout: fixed; width: 205.2874015748032pt;"><colgroup><col></col><col></col></colgroup><tbody><tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rashtrakutas</span><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">राष्ट्रकूटास</span></p><br /></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Kadamba Mayurasharman</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">कदंबा मयूरशरमन</span></p><br /></td></tr><tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Dantidurga, a Rashtrakuta chief, overthrew his Chalukya Of Karnataka. He performed a ritual called hiranya-garbha (literally, the golden womb). When this ritual was performed with the help of Brahmanas, it was thought to lead to the “rebirth” of the sacrificer as a Kshatriya, even if he was not one by birth.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">राष्ट्रकूट प्रमुख दंतिदुर्ग ने कर्नाटक के अपने चालुक्य को उखाड़ फेंका। उन्होंने हिरण्य-गर्भ (शाब्दिक रूप से, स्वर्ण गर्भ) नामक एक अनुष्ठान किया। जब यह अनुष्ठान ब्राह्मणों की मदद से किया जाता था, तो यह माना जाता था कि बलिदान करने वाले का क्षत्रिय के रूप में "पुनर्जन्म" होता है, भले ही वह जन्म से एक न हो।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 191px; overflow: hidden; width: 286px;"><img height="191" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/T39hGrdU_2WdJF89uDp5zNmsjogRCLuD1eU-JUokc1cmhb4f2DuJvk0Wt1p4lSYptpYDkcbQsloCbX9qhwfzCzX2VOVT7lKHgDqkObh5QGng2bK6KcWfZ3FNUhE4uPqLdSfa66ClfgbRsc9-WurIrG9PEwCRf7YhwAuFIWZS0s5vi8lqfBLd7suS" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="286" /></span></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Kadamba Mayurasharman and the GurjaraPratihara Harichandra were Brahmanas who gave up their traditional professions and took to arms, successfully establishing kingdoms in Karnataka and Rajasthan respectively.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">कदंब मयूरशर्मन और गुर्जर प्रतिहार हरिचंद्र ब्राह्मण थे जिन्होंने अपने पारंपरिक व्यवसायों को छोड़ दिया और हथियार ले लिए, क्रमशः कर्नाटक और राजस्थान में सफलतापूर्वक राज्य स्थापित किए।</span></p><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 126px; overflow: hidden; width: 110px;"><img height="126" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/atBFFSk3lc0EJl22sF2WNiNqsX93nxq3AcV0qzLnT0nE4tswZp1JmI4yoXNxoq9jYwqvbUnD-NlOoqpJxlZQ5J0BxtLCz763dTsNuNhh_9X3_oS-E_EZ2HQ6N_oVMAOQPaJ4RsKQjJjDTLKdwPC9-oPLR6Iv27aTOAYuXq-UU9otj76eb33u3lUB" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="110" /></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Administration in the Kingdoms </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">राज्यों में प्रशासन</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Now these new king keep very influential names like maharaja-adhiraj (great king, overlord of kings), tribhuvana-chakravartin (lord of the three worlds) and so on,despite these claims these, kings were often depended on shared power with their samantas as well as with associations of peasants, traders and Brahmanas.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">अब ये नए राजा महाराज-अधिराज (महान राजा, राजाओं के अधिपति), त्रिभुवन-चक्रवर्ती (तीनों लोकों के स्वामी) जैसे बहुत प्रभावशाली नाम रखते हैं, इन दावों के बावजूद, राजा अक्सर अपने सामंतों के साथ साझा शक्ति पर निर्भर रहते थे। साथ ही किसानों, व्यापारियों और ब्राह्मणों के संघों के साथ।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">For running a kingdom and its activities, they require funds(rent for land), resources and taxes which were collected from peasants, cattle-keepers, artisans.Revenue was also collected from traders. Example - The cholas who ruled in Tamil Nadu refer to more than 400 terms for different kinds of taxes- tax is vetti, taken not in cash but in the form of forced labour, and kadamai, or land revenue, infect there was tax of climbing a ladder. Now this is abusive</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">एक राज्य और उसकी गतिविधियों को चलाने के लिए, उन्हें धन (भूमि के लिए किराया), संसाधनों और करों की आवश्यकता होती है जो किसानों, पशुपालकों, कारीगरों से एकत्र किए जाते थे। व्यापारियों से राजस्व भी एकत्र किया जाता था। उदाहरण - तमिलनाडु में शासन करने वाले चोल विभिन्न प्रकार के करों के लिए 400 से अधिक शब्दों का उल्लेख करते हैं- कर वेट्टी है, नकद में नहीं बल्कि मजबूर श्रम के रूप में लिया जाता है, और कदमाई, या भूमि राजस्व, संक्रमित चढ़ाई का कर था एक सीढ़ी। अब यह अपमानजनक है</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">This revenue was used in building temples, forts and also for fighting wars and taking care of the army.Generally these funds are collected by the person who is very close to the king and at a very influential position.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">इस राजस्व का उपयोग मंदिरों, किलों के निर्माण और युद्ध लड़ने और सेना की देखभाल के लिए भी किया जाता था। आम तौर पर यह धन राजा के बहुत करीबी और बहुत प्रभावशाली स्थिति में व्यक्ति द्वारा एकत्र किया जाता है।</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Prashastis and Land Grants </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">प्रशस्ति और भूमि अनुदान</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Prashasties are the inscriptions which were written by brahmanas, It contains details that may not be literally true. But they tell us how rulers wanted to depict themselves – as valiant, victorious warriors and these Brahmanas occasionally helped in the administration. Mainly these consist only of success stories with lots of exaggerations. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">प्रशस्तियां वे शिलालेख हैं जो ब्राह्मणों द्वारा लिखे गए थे, इसमें ऐसे विवरण हैं जो वस्तुतः सत्य नहीं हो सकते हैं। लेकिन वे हमें बताते हैं कि कैसे शासक खुद को बहादुर, विजयी योद्धा के रूप में चित्रित करना चाहते थे और इन ब्राह्मणों ने कभी-कभी प्रशासन में मदद की। मुख्य रूप से इनमें बहुत सारी अतिशयोक्ति के साथ सफलता की कहानियां ही शामिल हैं।</span></p><br /><br /><br /><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 158px; overflow: hidden; width: 230px;"><img height="158" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/9WpttjiELhRRtuXzczaN2gmJP_2LcWwCDLGvzbHF9JN1Yd0GQ71s68Qj8Rj3wn4unu8NFnwnKikSJjmRel9hyhFJgw3GyNEY9D7yT1zxOLQiovpMf0bCvWtzBxzY_LfHNjHYvbg2_Ci8Jfq3emCT1PZgoIVR0mleKgBW0rQjPKd3AqyPsmaHeAjw" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="230" /></span><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">While there was an author named Kalhana who wrote a long Sanskrit poem containing the history of kings who ruled over Kashmir. He used a variety of sources, including inscriptions, documents, eyewitness accounts and earlier histories, to write his account. Unlike the writers of prashastis, he was often critical about rulers and their policies. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">जबकि कल्हण नाम का एक लेखक था जिसने कश्मीर पर शासन करने वाले राजाओं के इतिहास वाली एक लंबी संस्कृत कविता लिखी थी। उन्होंने अपना लेख लिखने के लिए शिलालेखों, दस्तावेजों, प्रत्यक्षदर्शी खातों और पहले के इतिहास सहित विभिन्न स्रोतों का इस्तेमाल किया। प्रशस्तियों के लेखकों के विपरीत, वह अक्सर शासकों और उनकी नीतियों के बारे में आलोचनात्मक थे।</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In return, king’s reward Brahamnas with land grants, the recods of these land grants kept on copper plates.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">बदले में, राजा ब्राह्मणों को भूमि अनुदान के साथ पुरस्कृत करते हैं, इन भूमि अनुदानों के अभिलेख तांबे की प्लेटों पर रखे जाते हैं</span><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 193px; overflow: hidden; width: 199px;"><img height="193" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/a8MrzqJ18QfVw-PlSxpKXrPW_zYkTmi136tYNAtjX7oVYRovTjpgD1GvqZ7cxncv8mMK97K7Yx_oxS6RYr3rkTgiAoOqb4DgvoQuUodDtLGA-LOhx6TkU7bzM5bfGfuT6g82uQkRwFlGwL-sos2X2h2UU3oFlPJmsXGZgMCeZFx9jlpEuPofa6tJ" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="199" /></span></p><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Example </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">: </span><span style="color: #980000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">This is part of the Tamil section of a land grant given by the Cholas: We have demarcated the boundaries of the land by making earthen embankments, as well as by planting thorny bushes. This is what the land contains: fruit-bearing trees, water, land, gardens and orchards, trees, wells, open spaces, pastureland, a village, anthills, platforms, canals, ditches, rivers, silt-laden land, tanks, granaries, fish ponds, bee hives, and deep lakes. He who receives the land can collect taxes from it. He can collect the taxes imposed by judicial officers as fines, the tax on betel-leaves, that on woven cloth, as well as on vehicles. He can build large rooms, with upper stories made of baked bricks, he can get large and small wells dug, he can plant trees and thorny bushes, if necessary, he can get canals constructed for irrigation. He should ensure that water is not wasted, and that embankments are built. List all the possible sources of irrigation mentioned in the inscription, and discuss how these might have been used.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #980000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">उदाहरण: यह चोलों द्वारा दिए गए भूमि अनुदान के तमिल खंड का हिस्सा है: हमने मिट्टी के तटबंध बनाकर, साथ ही कंटीली झाड़ियाँ लगाकर भूमि की सीमाओं का सीमांकन किया है। भूमि में यही है: फल देने वाले पेड़, पानी, जमीन, बगीचे और बाग, पेड़, कुएं, खुले स्थान, चारागाह, एक गांव, एंथिल, प्लेटफार्म, नहरें, खाई, नदियां, गाद से भरी भूमि, टैंक, अन्न भंडार , मछली के तालाब, मधुमक्खी के छत्ते और गहरी झीलें। जो भूमि प्राप्त करता है वह उस से कर वसूल कर सकता है। वह न्यायिक अधिकारियों द्वारा लगाए गए करों को जुर्माने के रूप में, पान के पत्तों पर कर, बुने हुए कपड़े पर, साथ ही वाहनों पर भी वसूल कर सकता है। वह बड़े कमरे बना सकता है, ऊपरी मंजिल पकी हुई ईंटों से बना सकता है, वह बड़े और छोटे कुएँ खोद सकता है, वह पेड़ और कांटेदार झाड़ियाँ लगा सकता है, यदि आवश्यक हो तो वह सिंचाई के लिए नहरों का निर्माण करवा सकता है। उसे यह सुनिश्चित करना चाहिए कि पानी बर्बाद न हो और तटबंध बनाए जाएं। शिलालेख में उल्लिखित सिंचाई के सभी संभावित स्रोतों की सूची बनाएं और चर्चा करें कि इनका उपयोग कैसे किया जा सकता है।</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Warfare for Wealth </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">धन के लिए युद्ध</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1.Northern part of subcontinent</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">उपमहाद्वीप का उत्तरी भाग</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> There are certain areas in the Indian subcontinent which were wealth rich due to available resources and people populations, mainly these areas were near to rivers for survival of humans. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">भारतीय उपमहाद्वीप में कुछ ऐसे क्षेत्र हैं जो उपलब्ध संसाधनों और लोगों की आबादी के कारण समृद्ध थे, मुख्य रूप से ये क्षेत्र मनुष्यों के अस्तित्व के लिए नदियों के निकट थे।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">One particularly prized area was the city of Kanauj in the Ganga valley.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">This area was in conflict for three centuries between eGurjara-Pratihara, Rashtrakuta and Pala dynasties, they fought for control over Kanauj. This long drawn conflict describes it as the “tripartite struggle”. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">एक विशेष रूप से बेशकीमती क्षेत्र गंगा घाटी में कन्नौज शहर था।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">यह क्षेत्र तीन शताब्दियों तक ई-गुर्जर-प्रतिहार, राष्ट्रकूट और पाल राजवंशों के बीच संघर्ष में था, उन्होंने कन्नौज पर नियंत्रण के लिए लड़ाई लड़ी। यह लंबे समय से चला आ रहा संघर्ष इसे "त्रिपक्षीय संघर्ष" के रूप में वर्णित करता है।</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">During the medieval period </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">An invader and a dacoit named Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni, Afghanistan, raided the subcontinent almost every year – his targets were wealthy temples, including that of Somnath, Gujarat. His aim was not only to loot and destroyed</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">मध्ययुगीन काल के दौरान अफगानिस्तान के गजनी के सुल्तान महमूद नामक एक आक्रमणकारी और डकैत ने लगभग हर साल उपमहाद्वीप पर छापा मारा - उसके लक्ष्य अमीर मंदिर थे, जिनमें सोमनाथ, गुजरात भी शामिल था। उसका उद्देश्य केवल लूटना और नष्ट करना नहीं था</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Our temples but to spread islam in the areas by forceful killings and coversions. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">He was also interested in finding more about people of the Indian subcontinent to make changes in his attack and religion conversion plans. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">हमारे मंदिरों में लेकिन बलपूर्वक हत्याओं और आवरणों द्वारा क्षेत्रों में इस्लाम फैलाने के लिए।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">वह अपने हमले और धर्म परिवर्तन योजनाओं में बदलाव करने के लिए भारतीय उपमहाद्वीप </span></p><br /><br /><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 136px; overflow: hidden; width: 274px;"><img height="136" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/d1gbOrXRSf7lNjh0-d_funXuJM1lvT4AludKjEDs01Y3U_Ive0ISgpwBWJ2ozCllojSVzIwG0OuGy5Ji2zLbXNbknE2Dqpyeb85VOq4LYp54ZrUlC7-7BWbryYKbYMR3rqkc7DxXU8sA8xoh2GN-ifif0HztzQomiH23T3QSbg2nzdSOpPdzX2e9" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="274" /></span><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">के लोगों के बारे में अधिक जानने में भी रुचि </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">रखते थे।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> A scholar named Al-Biruni wrote an account of the subcontinent who was appointed by </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Sultan Mahmud . This Arabic work, known as the Kitab ul-Hind, remains an important source for historians. He consulted Sanskrit scholars to prepare this account. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">अल-बिरूनी नाम के एक विद्वान ने उपमहाद्वीप का एक विवरण लिखा था जिसे द्वारा नियुक्त किया गया था</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">सुल्तान महमूद। किताब उल-हिंद के नाम से जानी जाने वाली यह अरबी कृति इतिहासकारों के लिए एक महत्वपूर्ण स्रोत बनी हुई है। उन्होंने इस खाते को तैयार करने के लिए संस्कृत के विद्वानों से परामर्श लिया।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Well known ruler of Chahamanas later known as the Chauhans, was Prithviraja III (1168-1192), who defeated an Afghan ruler named Sultan Muhammad Ghori in 1191, but lost to him the very next year, in 1192</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. The Chauhans also ruled the region around Delhi and Ajmer. They tried to expand their control to the west and the east, but faced conflicts from d by the Chalukyas of Gujarat and the Gahadavalas of western Uttar Pradesh.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">बाद में चौहानों के रूप में जाने जाने वाले चहमानों के प्रसिद्ध शासक, पृथ्वीराज III (1168-1192) थे, जिन्होंने 1191 में सुल्तान मुहम्मद गोरी नामक एक अफगान शासक को हराया, लेकिन अगले वर्ष 1192 में उनसे हार गए। चौहानों ने भी इस क्षेत्र पर शासन किया। दिल्ली और अजमेर के आसपास। उन्होंने पश्चिम और पूर्व में अपने नियंत्रण का विस्तार करने की कोशिश की, लेकिन गुजरात के चालुक्यों और पश्चिमी उत्तर प्रदेश के गढ़वालों के संघर्षों का सामना करना पड़ा।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2. From Uraiyur to Thanjavur</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">प्रेम उरैयूर से तंजावुरी</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Lets see how the Chola dynasty evolved in the southern region. There was a kingdom named Pallava kings of Kanchipuram who had appointed Muttaraiyar to hold power in the Kaveri delta.Vijayalaya, who belonged to the ancient chiefly family of the Cholas from Uraiyur, captured the delta from the Mutharaiyar in the middle of the ninth century. He built the town of Thanjavur and a temple for goddess Nishumbhasudini there.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">आइए देखें कि दक्षिणी क्षेत्र में चोल वंश का विकास कैसे हुआ। कांचीपुरम के पल्लव राजाओं का एक राज्य था, जिन्होंने कावेरी डेल्टा में सत्ता संभालने के लिए मुत्तरैयर को नियुक्त किया था। विजयालय, जो उरैयूर के चोलों के प्राचीन मुख्य परिवार से थे, ने नौवीं शताब्दी के मध्य में मुथरियार से डेल्टा पर कब्जा कर लिया था। उन्होंने तंजावुर शहर और वहां देवी निशुंभासुदिनी के लिए एक मंदिर का निर्माण किया।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Successors of Vijayalaya conquered neighbouring regions and the kingdom grew in size and power. The Pandyan and the Pallava territories to the south and north were made part of this kingdom.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">आइए देखें कि दक्षिणी क्षेत्र में चोल वंश का विकास कैसे हुआ। कांचीपुरम के पल्लव राजाओं का एक राज्य था, जिन्होंने कावेरी डेल्टा में सत्ता संभालने के लिए मुत्तरैयर को नियुक्त किया था। विजयालय, जो उरैयूर के चोलों के प्राचीन मुख्य परिवार से थे, ने नौवीं शताब्दी के मध्य में मुथरियार से डेल्टा पर कब्जा कर लिया था। उन्होंने तंजावुर शहर और वहां देवी निशुंभासुदिनी के लिए एक मंदिर का निर्माण किया।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rajaraja I who was the son of Rajaraja, a very powerful leader and became king in 985, expanded the cholas regions to the Ganga valley, Sri Lanka and countries of Southeast Asia, developing a navy for these expeditions. </span><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">राजराजा प्रथम, जो एक बहुत शक्तिशाली नेता, राजराजा का पुत्र था और 985 में राजा बना, ने इन अभियानों के लिए एक नौसेना विकसित करते हुए, गंगा घाटी, श्रीलंका और दक्षिण पूर्व एशिया के देशों में चोलों के क्षेत्रों का विस्तार किया।</span></p><br /><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 171px; overflow: hidden; width: 247px;"><img height="171" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/GmpdZnjzM-x2VbW0bSUxfAct0OPUrqIllciZ_goGjP1qYFOWJOjHpMnQ5HTKatDS0KrmMEBbnumbydH4ckwC3KNzPe8B772vI__nc_8dSzvNHxeq6thrTXcbyPFdvHxllW6UNFIeEWEbn-KHDOs6qfQYajq9NN-z4YHPErTPpdgsYS4kFiYIuLEl" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="247" /></span><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rajaraja I and Rajaraja built various big temples in their provinces with architecture and sculptures that were marvelous. These temples were centres of administration, economical, art and cultural activities with worshipping. Chola bronze images are considered amongst the finest in the world.Most images were of deities.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">राजराजा प्रथम और राजराजा ने अपने प्रांतों में वास्तुकला और मूर्तियों के साथ विभिन्न बड़े मंदिरों का निर्माण किया जो अद्भुत थे। ये मंदिर पूजा के साथ प्रशासन, आर्थिक, कला और सांस्कृतिक गतिविधियों के केंद्र थे। चोल कांस्य प्रतिमाओं को विश्व में सर्वश्रेष्ठ में से एक माना जाता है। अधिकांश चित्र देवताओं के थे</span></p><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 225px; overflow: hidden; width: 169px;"><img height="225" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/moVpS_ksMdMIN3GsoeGGtT-my1LLRstnQ4vd9d0ygDCNqS4ejdYNpFHp0CH3P9-7_9jCL1VtgEdZRoczRIs5Qjb0_2WdRjw6ItTgpdqwMktIoW8TsqfE6UGHJdibmhQImkW1-sSgTZYfadFtPxhSHt8yHacoMEa8femAZyufm2mg3gfaBW54S_wU" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="169" /></span><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Agriculture and Irrigation </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">कृषि और सिंचाई</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The cholas empire made very significant developments in agriculture, specially in the irrigation part --- making canals wells were dug. In other places huge tanks were constructed to collect rainwater. Remember that irrigation works require planning – organising labour and resources, maintaining these works.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">चोलों के साम्राज्य ने कृषि के क्षेत्र में विशेष रूप से सिंचाई के क्षेत्र में बहुत महत्वपूर्ण विकास किए --- नहर बनाने के लिए कुएं खोदे गए। अन्य स्थानों पर वर्षा जल एकत्र करने के लिए विशाल टैंकों का निर्माण किया गया। याद रखें कि सिंचाई कार्यों के लिए योजना की आवश्यकता होती है - श्रम और संसाधनों को व्यवस्थित करना, इन कार्यों को बनाए रखना।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">They made several small channels before emptying into the Bay of Bengal. These channels overflow frequently, depositing fertile soil on their banks. Water from the channels also provides the necessary moisture for agriculture, particularly the cultivation of rice.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">बंगाल की खाड़ी में खाली होने से पहले उन्होंने कई छोटे चैनल बनाए। ये चैनल बार-बार ओवरफ्लो करते हैं, जिससे उनके किनारों पर उपजाऊ मिट्टी जमा हो जाती है। नहरों का पानी कृषि, विशेषकर चावल की खेती के लिए आवश्यक नमी भी प्रदान करता है।</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">After the 5th or 6th century large-scale cultivation was opened in tamilnadu.forest were clean for making cultivation lands. In the delta region embankments had to be built to prevent flooding and canals had to be constructed to carry water to the fields. They developed so much that in some areas two crops were grown in a year.</span><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 194px; overflow: hidden; width: 250px;"><img height="194" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/qyVwPm0J75e2OY_atNWIT6hv5oH97w6Z84pN7a06QsqHXSo5hJIsHMBkU5XrjWs73HH8R-fjELMtkA1_8FNdqllXdnlhBR23br17u7fO_AM-zR0osyQ0Jv--rAKbEjF-wpNy4Lx7RI6CQiRThll6WSGAbbaUHzvYevAOPyou57Mn9wKjvhcq0AxA" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="250" /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">५वीं या ६वीं शताब्दी के बाद तमिलनाडु में बड़े पैमाने पर खेती खोली गई। खेती की भूमि बनाने के लिए जंगल साफ थे। डेल्टा क्षेत्र में बाढ़ को रोकने के लिए तटबंध बनाने पड़ते थे और खेतों तक पानी पहुंचाने के लिए नहरों का निर्माण करना पड़ता था। वे इतने विकसित हुए कि कुछ क्षेत्रों में एक वर्ष में दो फसलें उगाई गईं।</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #1a1a1a; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Chola period sluice stone found in lake near Tiruvannamalai</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">तिरुवन्नामलाई के पास झील में मिला चोल काल का स्लुइस स्टोन</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Administration of the Empire</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">साम्राज्य का प्रशासन</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Due to excellent work in agriculture and irrigation small villages are prospering there, the groups of small villages form large units called Nadu. Vellala caste had good control over these nadus administration , this authority was given by cholas to them. They gave titles like muvendavelan (a velan or peasant serving three kings), araiyar (chief), etc. as a respect, entrusted them with important offices of the state at the centre.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">कृषि और सिंचाई में उत्कृष्ट कार्य के कारण छोटे गाँव वहाँ समृद्ध हो रहे हैं, छोटे गाँवों के समूह बड़ी इकाइयाँ बनाते हैं जिन्हें नाडु कहा जाता है। इन नाडु प्रशासन पर वेल्लाल जाति का अच्छा नियंत्रण था, यह अधिकार चोलों द्वारा उन्हें दिया गया था। उन्होंने मुवेन्दवेलन (तीन राजाओं की सेवा करने वाला एक वेलन या किसान), अरैयर (प्रमुख), आदि जैसी उपाधियाँ दीं, उन्हें केंद्र में राज्य के महत्वपूर्ण कार्यालय सौंपे।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></p><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bramanas had a very prominent place in the kingdom. Brahmanas often received land grants or brahmadeya. Each group of Brahmins i.e brahmadeya, prominent Brahmana landholders. These assemblies worked very efficiently. Their decisions were recorded in detail in inscriptions, often on the stone walls of temples.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">राज्य में ब्राह्मणों का बहुत प्रमुख स्थान था। ब्राह्मणों को अक्सर भूमि अनुदान या ब्रह्मदेय प्राप्त होता था। ब्राह्मणों का प्रत्येक समूह यानी ब्रह्मदेय, प्रमुख ब्राह्मण जमींदार। इन विधानसभाओं ने बहुत कुशलता से काम किया। उनके फैसलों को शिलालेखों में, अक्सर मंदिरों की पत्थर की दीवारों पर विस्तार से दर्ज किया गया था।</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Some inscriptions found in the district of Tamilnadu, Uttaramerur in Chingleput. These provide information on how sabhas work at time.The sabha had separate committees to look after irrigation works, gardens, temples, etc. Names of those eligible to be members of these committees were written on small tickets of palm leaf; these tickets were put into an earthenware pot, from which a young boy was asked to take out the tickets, one by one for each committee.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">कुछ शिलालेख तमिलनाडु के उत्तरामेरुर जिले के चिंगलेपुट में मिले हैं। ये इस बात की जानकारी प्रदान करते हैं कि सभाएँ समय पर कैसे काम करती हैं। सभा में सिंचाई कार्यों, उद्यानों, मंदिरों आदि की देखभाल के लिए अलग-अलग समितियाँ थीं। इन समितियों के सदस्य होने के योग्य लोगों के नाम ताड़ के पत्ते के छोटे टिकटों पर लिखे गए थे; इन टिकटों को एक मिट्टी के बर्तन में रखा गया था, जिसमें से एक युवा लड़के को प्रत्येक समिति के लिए एक-एक करके टिकट निकालने के लिए कहा गया था।</span></p><br /><br /><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #980000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Inscriptions and texts Who could be a member of a sabha? The Uttaramerur inscription lays down: </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #980000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">All those who wish to become members of the sabha should be owners of land from which land revenue is collected.</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #980000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">They should have their own homes. </span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #980000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">They should be between 35 and 70 years of age. </span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #980000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">They should have knowledge of the Vedas. </span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #980000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">They should be well-versed in administrative matters and honest</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #980000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> If anyone has been a member of any committee in the last three years, he cannot become a member of another committee. Anyone who has not submitted his accounts, and those of his relatives, cannot contest the elections. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #980000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">शिलालेख और ग्रंथ सभा का सदस्य कौन हो सकता है? उत्तरमेरूर शिलालेख में कहा गया है:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #980000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">वे सभी जो सभा के सदस्य बनना चाहते हैं, उन्हें उस भूमि का स्वामी होना चाहिए जिससे भू-राजस्व वसूल किया जाता है।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #980000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">उनका अपना घर होना चाहिए।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #980000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">उनकी उम्र 35 से 70 साल के बीच होनी चाहिए।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #980000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">उन्हें वेदों का ज्ञान होना चाहिए।</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #980000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">उन्हें प्रशासनिक मामलों में अच्छी तरह से वाकिफ होना चाहिए और ईमानदार होना चाहिए</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #980000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> यदि कोई व्यक्ति पिछले तीन वर्षों में किसी समिति का सदस्य रहा हो तो वह किसी अन्य समिति का सदस्य नहीं बन सकता। जिसने अपना और उसके रिश्तेदारों का लेखा-जोखा जमा नहीं किया है, वह चुनाव नहीं लड़ सकता।</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #980000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">While inscriptions tell us about kings and powerful men, here is an excerpt from the Periyapuranam, a twelfth century Tamil work, which informs us about the lives of ordinary men and women. On the outskirts of Adanur was a small hamlet of Pulaiyas (a name used for a social group considered “outcastes” by Brahmanas and Vellalas), studded with small huts under old thatches and inhabited by agrarian labourers engaged in menial occupations. In the thresholds of the huts covered with strips of leather, little chickens moved about in groups; dark children who wore bracelets of black iron were prancing about, carrying little puppies … In the shade of the marudu (arjuna) trees, a female labourer put her baby to sleep on a sheet of leather; there were mango trees from whose branches drums were hanging; and under the coconut palms, in little hollows on the ground, tiny-headed bitches lay after whelping. The red-crested cocks crowed before dawn calling the brawny Pulaiyar (plural) to their day’s work; and by day, under the shade of the kanji tree spread the voice of the wavy-haired Pulaiya women singing as they were husking paddy …</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #980000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">जबकि शिलालेख हमें राजाओं और शक्तिशाली पुरुषों के बारे में बताते हैं, यहां बारहवीं शताब्दी की तमिल कृति पेरियापुराणम का एक अंश है, जो हमें सामान्य पुरुषों और महिलाओं के जीवन के बारे में सूचित करता है। अदनूर के बाहरी इलाके में पुलैया (ब्राह्मणों और वेल्लाल द्वारा "बहिष्कृत" माने जाने वाले एक सामाजिक समूह के लिए इस्तेमाल किया जाने वाला एक नाम) का एक छोटा सा गाँव था,</span><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #980000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">जो पुराने छप्पर के नीचे छोटी-छोटी झोपड़ियों से भरा हुआ था और जिसमें खेती करने वाले मजदूर रहते थे। चमड़े की पट्टियों से ढकी झोपड़ियों की दहलीज में, छोटी मुर्गियाँ समूहों में घूमती थीं; काले लोहे के कंगन पहने काले बच्चे छोटे पिल्लों को लेकर नाच रहे थे ... मरुडु (अर्जुन) के पेड़ों की छाया में, एक महिला मजदूर ने अपने बच्चे को चमड़े की चादर पर सुला दिया; वहाँ आम के पेड़ थे जिनकी शाखाओं से ड्रम लटक रहे थे; और नारियल की हथेलियों के नीचे, जमीन पर छोटे-छोटे गड्ढों में, छोटे सिर वाली कुतिया घरघराहट के बाद लेटी रहती हैं। लाल कलगी वाले मुर्गे भोर से पहले बांग देते थे और अपने दिन के काम के लिए बहादुर पुलैयार (बहुवचन) को बुलाते थे; और दिन में, कांजी के पेड़ की छाया के नीचे लहराती बालों वाली पुलैया महिलाओं की आवाज फैल गई जैसे वे धान की भूसी कर रही थीं ...</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Summary End</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5999999999999999; margin-bottom: -1pt; margin-top: -1pt;"><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202124; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">सारांश अंत</span></p><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></span>Ynothttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17573515841561335765noreply@blogger.com0