Verb
Definition : The verb is a word which is used to express some action , existence on feeling .
Ex.1 I read my book .
2 They play hockey .
Verb को मुख्यतः दो भागों में बांटा गया है -
1- Main verb / full verb / Ordinary Verb / Lexical Verb .
2- Auxiliary Verb / Helping Verb .
Verb
______________|________
| |
Main Verb Auxiliary Verb
_|_______ ____|___
| | | |
Finite Non F Primary Auxillary
_|_______ |______________
| | | |
Tran.. Intrans... Infi. Geru..
Main verb : वह Verb जो Sentence में main work को प्रदर्शित करती है|
Auxiliary verb : वह Verb जो Sentence में main verb को Help करता है|
Ex.1 He is reading a novel.
A.v M.v
Reason
इसमें reading, main verb है , और is auxillary verb है
2. I play cricket.
M.v
Reason
इसमें play main verb है , auxillary verb नहीं है इसमें
3. I am a teacher .
M.v
Note - यदि is / am / are / was / were / ….etc , sentence में अकेले आये तो ये Main verb होते है|
A.v M.v
Ex.1 I have completed my assignment.
इसमें have , auxillary verb है
तथा इसमें completed , main verb है
2. I have a car .
M.v
इसमें have अकेले हैं इसलिए यह main verb है
3. I do not help him.
A.v M.v
. I do my homework
M.v
Finite verb : वे Verb जो अपने Subject के Number person एवं tense के अनुसार प्रयुक्त होते हैं|
Non-finite verbs : वे Verb जो अपने Subject के Number person एवं tense के अनुसार प्रयुक्त न होकर प्रत्येक subject के साथ एक ही रूप में प्रयुक्त होते हैं|
Ex.1 He wants to go there.
इसमें wants : finite verb है
इसमें to go : non finite verb है
2. They wants to go there.
F.v n.f.v
3. He dislikes gambling.
F.v n.f.v
4. Mohan likes smoking.
F.v n.f.v
5. He lost his driving license
F.v n.f.v
6. He enjoys watching the cricket
F.v n.f.v
Transitive Verbs (सकर्मक क्रिया) : वे क्रियाएँ जिनके क्रिया का प्रभाव सिर्फ Subject पर ही न पड़कर किसी Object पर भी पड़े Transitive verbs कहलाती हैं|
In-transitive verbs : वे क्रियाएँ जिनके क्रिया का प्रभाव सिर्फ Subject पर ही पड़कर समाप्त हो जाता है, और किसी object पर नहीं पड़ता In-transitive verbs कहलाती हैं|
T.v
Ex.1 The driver stop the car .
इसमें stop action ड्राइवर ने, car पर किया है इसलिए यह transitive verb है
2. The car stopped
I.t.v
इसमें stopped एक्शन किसी अन्य के द्वारा नहीं हुआ है इसलिए यह intransitive वर्ब है
Note : कुछ Verbs का प्रयोग Transitively तथा In-transitively दोनों तरह से किया जाता है|
Ex.1 Boys fly kites (T.V)
2. Birds fly high in the sky (I.T.V)
3. The peon rings the bell . (T.V)
4. The bell rings at 4 p.m ( I.T.V)
5. The soldiers fought the enemy (T.V)
6. The soldiers fought bravely ( I.T.V)
Auxiliary verbs : इनकी कुल संख्या 24 है, और इन्हें दो भागों में बाँटा गया है-
1. Primary Auxiliary : (11 words) - is , am , are , was , were , has , have , had , do , does , did.
इन्हें पुनः तीन भागों में बाँटा गया है-
verb 'to be’ - is , am , are , was , were.
verb 'to do’ - do , does , did .
verb 'to have’ - has , have , had.
Note
Primary Auxiliary का use M.V तथा A.V दोनों की तरह होता है, जबकि Model Auxiliary का प्रयोग सिर्फ A.V की तरह होता है|
■ Examples asked in exams ( previous paper )
Ex.1 They have ……. the hands .
.a) raise b) rising c) risen d) ✓ raised
e) rose.
2. The ship ………. near the coast.
.a) sink b) ✓ sank c) drowned d) sunk
3. The boy ……… in the deep River.
Correct sent - The boy drowned in the deep River.
Note
Lay - laid - lain (अंडे देना / रखना / बैठना )
Lie - lied - lied (झूठ बोलना )
Lie - lay - lain (लेटना या / विश्राम करना)
Question.1 - The criminal was …… to death.
.a) Hung b) Hang c) ✓ Hanged
d) No imp.
Note
Hung और hanged दोनों ही past है hang के
Hanged (फांसी देना)
Hung (लटकाना , टांगना , ठहरना )
Hanged का use किसी चीज को गर्दन से लड़का के मार देने तक के लिए किया जाता है
जबकि hung का use किसी चीज को लटकाने के लिए किया जाता है उदाहरण के लिए
● I hung a picture of Mahatma Gandhi
on the wall.
● After school, she hung out in the library.
Ex.1 They were playing , running , and make merry at the spot.
Correct sent - They were playing , running , and making merry at the spot.
Reason
यह sentence , past continous में है इसलिए
सभी इसमें past continous में आएंगे
2. They have cooked the food and send
into the orthange.
Correct sent - They have cooked the food and sent into the orthange.
Reason
sent , past tense है
जबकि send present tense है
और यहां cooked past tense मे है
इसलिए यहां sent आएगा |
3. We do not knew what to do with our
idea.
Correct sent - We do not know what to
do with our idea.
Reason
इसमें know , present tense को दर्शाता है
जबकि knew , past tense को दर्शाता है
यानी अगर आपके पास present में कोई
knowledge हो तो आप know का use करेंगे |
अगर past की बात कर रहे हो तो आप knew का
use करेंगे |
Some Important Rule
Rule.1 - Do / Did / Does के साथ हमेशा Have का use होता है , Has या Had का कभी नहीं होता है|
Note
DO has four forms.
Present Tense: Do / Does
Past Tense: Did
Past Participle: Done
Do -- singular
Does -- plural
Ex.1 Do you had any further argument?
Correct sent-: Do you have any further argument .
Reason
इसमें do के साथ हमेशा have का use होता है
2. They do not had any more chance to win the game now?
Correct sent - They do not have any more chance to win the game now .
Reason
इसमें do के साथ हमेशा have का use होता है
Rule.2 - कुछ Sentences में has had , have had , had had का use होता है , इनमें पहला word , auxiliary तथा second , main verb का कार्य करता है|
Ex. We ………. a good chance?
.a) Had have b) ✓ Have had c) have has
d) No important.
Rule.3 - Structure
(1). S + ‘ to have ’ + no + noun .
(2). S + ‘ to have ’ + not any + noun .
Note
‘ to have ’ → has , have , had
Ex.1 They have ……. chance now.
.(a) no any (b) not (c) ✓ no (d) not same .
2. There was not information to give
him?
Correct sent - There was no information
to give him .
3. They have no any man to perform
the duty Well ?
Correct sent - They have not any man to perform the duty Well .
Reason :
यहां no के बाद Noun नहीं है इसलिए not any का यूज किया गया है
2. Modal Auxiliaries - ( 13 words ) : Will , shall , can , could , may , might , would , should , must , used to , ought to , need , dare.
Note
Present / Future Past
Will would
Shall Should
Can Could
Many Might
Rule.1- Modal Auxiliaries के तुरंत बाद आने वाला Verb First Form (V1) होता है, और इसके पहले to नहीं लगाया जाता है|
Ex.1 I will go and stayed there for a few hours?
Correct sent - I will go and stay there for a few hours .
Reason
यहां verb → go , auxilary verb will के
बाद आई है जो कि v1 फॉर्म है, जो सही है
लेकिन will go , future को दर्शाता है और
stayed , past को दर्शाता है इसलिए stay
आएगा
1. They will went and stay there
Correct sent : They will go and stay there
Reason
यहां will , auxillary verb है , और जैसे कि rule में बताया गया है कि auxillary verb के तुरंत बाद आने वाली verb , first form में होगी
इसलिए यहां went की जगह go आएगा
2. If I had worked hard , I will have got
a government job ?
Correct sent - If I had work hard , I would have got a government job .
Reason
यहां had , auxillary verb है , और जैसे कि rule में बताया गया है कि auxillary verb के तुरंत बाद आने वाली verb , first form में होगी
इसलिए यहां work की जगह worked आएगा
3. If he tries , he …... do it ?
.(a) would (b) could (c) ✓ can (d) might
इसमें tries एक present condition है , जबकि
would और could भूतकाल की condition पर
लगाया जाता है
May , permission को दर्शाता है (express
permission )
या कम possibility होने को दर्शाता है
( may का past tense है → might)
ex : She might have left a message
on a voice mail.
Can , ability को दर्शाता है ( express
ability )
इसलिए यहां ability यानी can आएगा
4. He worked hard so that he …... pass ?
.(a)will (b) can (c) ✓ might (d) may
इसमें worked , past tense में है
और possibility के लिए may / might का यूज किया जाता है
जैसे कि may , का past might है
इसलिए यहां might आएगा
5. He works hard so that he …... pass ?
Correct sent-: He works hard so that he may pass .
Reason
Works hard , past tense मैं नहीं है , इसलिए may आएगा
6. They …… that they would win the Inter national Trophy ?
.(a) expects (b) will expect (c) ✓expected
(d) feard
Reason
यहां would win , past tense को दर्शाता है
इसलिए expected यहां आएगा
7. She ……. that she might fail ?
.(a) Hoped (b) wished (c) expected
(d) ✓ feard
Reason
Fear : डर
Hoped : आशा रखना
Wished : कामना
Expected : अपेक्षित होना
इसमें फेल होने का डर दर्शाता है : इसलिए fear
आएगा
Rule.2 - Modal Auxiliaries के साथ हमेशा Have का use होता है, Has या Had का कभी नहीं|
Ex.1 If you litter , you …... to pay for it ?
.(a)✓ will have (b) would have
(c) will has (d) No improvement
Reason
litter : कूड़े / कूड़ा करना
you को plural , consider किया जाता है
और if you litter condition , future की है
इसलिए you के साथ will have आएगा
और Modal Auxiliaries , will के साथ have
का use होगा
2. They ………..…... their teachers ?.
Should had respected.
✓ Should have respected.
Should has respected.
No improvement.
Reason
Modal Auxiliaries , verb (should )के साथ have का use होता है
Note -
verb ‘ to be ’ - is / am / are / was / were के बाद [ to + V1 ] का use होने से Present या past की planning की योजना
का बोध होता है|
तथा to have के बाद
[ to + V1 ]आने से Compulsion / Obligation (मजबूरी / बाध्यता) का बोध होता है|
Ex.1 I am to help the poor. (मुझे ग़रीबों की मदद करनी है|)
2. I have to help the poor.( मुझे गरीबों की मदद करना ही करना है )
Rule.3(a) - यदि Sentence मैं दो Auxiliaries का use एक साथ हो तो इनके बाद आने वाला main verb दोनों Auxiliaries के अनुसार प्रयुक्त होना चाहिए|
Rule.3(b) - यदि एक ही Main verb दोनों Auxiliaries के लिए उपयुक्त हो तो इसका प्रयोग एक बार (अंतिम Auxiliaries) के बाद किया जाता है
और उपयुक्त ना हो तो एक से अधिक Main verb का प्रयोग किया जाता है|
Ex.1 I have helped and will help him .
2. I have not and will never do any
good to him ?
Correct sent - I have not done and will never do any good to him .
3. They neither have nor will assist
me .
Correct sent- They neither have assisted nor will assist me .
4. He has and it still living is this
apartment.
Correct sent- He has lived and it still living is this apartment .
5. I have and will read the book once
again.
Correct sent - I have read and will read the book once again .
6. She can do and will do whatever I
want.
Correct sent- She can and will do
whatever I want .
7. They have not and can not be in good books of the coach because they lack discipline .
have not and can never been.
have not and can never be.
no improvement.
✓ have not been and can never be.
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